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Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483
A landmark Civil Rights decision by the Supreme Court. The ruling that segregation of Black and White school denied all students equal protection under the law, as promised by the 14th amendment of the US Constitution. This decision became the starting point for additional law suits brought against districts for racial, gender and ability discrimination all over the country (Linder, 2011). -
Civil Rights Act (CRA) of 1964 and Title VI
Pub.L. 88–352
he Civil Rights Act protects all people from discrimination based on color, race or where they are from. This applies to any program, school, activity or organization that recieves federal funds. Title VI of the CRA prevents schools from discriminating against students. No one can be turnd away or segregated based on race, color, or where they are from (Education and Title VI, 2005). -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
P.L. 89-10
ESEA, now No Child Left Behind, was created to ensure that all children have access to an equal education whether they are from rich or poor communities. ESEA provided extra federal funds to support giving poor communities the money needed to get the supplies and support needed to provide an appropriate education to all students (ESEA, n.d.). (Social Welfare, n.d.) -
Title IX of Higher Education Amendments of 1972
20 U.S.C. §1681
Federal law that forbids federal funding from being given to any program that excludes people based on being male or female. This includes any educational or training program that receives federal money (Title IX, n.d.). -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
29 U.S.C. § 794 (Section 504)
Section 504 is a Civil Rights Statute that protects the rights of people who are disabled and need accommodations to participate in programs or activities that receive Federal money from the US Department of Education. The statute, or law, requires that each district provide a free and appropriate education to every student reguardless of the need or severity of their disability (Protecting Students, 2013). -
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Federal Law -20 U.S.C. § 1232g; 34 CFR Part 99
FERPA gives parents the right to keep all education records private unless they give permission for the school to share it. It also grants parents the right to access, or see, all educational records and request changes to them. These rights transfer to the student at age 18 (FERPA, 2014). -
Rowley v. Board of Education 458 U. S. 176
The first Supreme Court case to provide the opportunity for the judges to interpret the meaning of "free and appropriate education". Amy Rowley was deaf but able to function at grade level without an interpreter. Her parents fought to have an interpretor provided so she could reach her true potential. The SC decided that FAPE is not inteneded to accommodate students reaching potential, just grade level standards (Yell, 2012). -
NH Administration of Minimum Standards in Public Schools
Chapter Ed 300
Administration of Minimum Standards in Public Schools sets up the standards that must be met to be an appropriate educational institution. This includes staff professional requirements, safety standards, classroom and building requirements and food and nutrition standards. It also includes professional behavior expectations and environmental standards (NH Asministration, 1984). -
Irving Independent School Dist. v. Tatro 468 U.S. 883
Amber Tatro was an eight year old girl with spina bifita and depended on assistance with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) every 3-4 hours. The school believed that they were not responsible to provide the CIC service. The Supreme Court ruled that the service, since it could be performed by a any person with little training, fell under the FAPE requirement of Section 504 (Find Law, 2014). -
NH Statutes - Title XV: Education
NH Statutes - Title XV: Education (Chapters 186 - 200-L)
Title Xv of the NH Statutes organizes and explains the laws that the state has created to govern the state's education system. For example, there are sections about adequate public education, setting up a school districts, special education outlines, and all areas of education law for NH (NH Title XV, 2014). -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Public Law, 101-336. Stat. 104 Stat. 327
A Civil Rights Law that ensures people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities s their mainstream peers. These include housing, education and emplyment rights. This law protects individuals with severe mental and/or physical impairments that limit important life activities (Introdiction to ADA, n.d.). -
Claremont School District v. Governor of NH
No. 92-711
This was the important education funding case that started the ball rolling for NH revisiting how education is funded in the state. Claremont school district believed that the system of using property taxes to fund schools was unfair because property poor towns could not afford the same resources as property rich towns. The NH Supreme Court agreed that it was an unfair way to be sure everyone recieved an appropriate education (Claremont Decisions, 2009). -
Sacremento School District v. Rachel H. 14 F.3d 1398 (9th Cir. 1994)
Rachel Holland was 11 years old when her parents disagreed with the school districts decision to put Rachel, who is intellectually impaired, in a special education classroom. The US Distict Court of Appeals upheld her right to be in the general classroom with aid provided by the district. The decision was based on the determination that the school district had not done enough to prove a special ed classroom was a better option for her (Kids Together, 2010). -
No Child Left Behind 2001
Pub. L. No. 107-110, § 115, Stat. 1425
NCLB is a law designed to hold states, districts and schools accountable for the education and academic progress of all students in the school system. The goal is to ensure all students reach proficiency in reading and math for their grade levels. Provisions have been created for testing general learners and specific student subgroups (No Child, 2014). -
Assistive Technology Act 1998 (Amended 2004)
P.L. 105-394
A federal act to provide funding grants to states in an effort to help provide for the assistive technology needs of individuals with disabilities. The act applies to all disabled individuals in need of assitive technology regardless of age, employment or educational status (ATA of 1998, n.d.). -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004
Public Law 108-446, 20 U.S.C. § 1400
IDEA 2004 is a law that requires states, schools and public agencies to accommodate and help with the needs of children with specific disabilities from birth to high school graduation or age 21, whichever comes first. Eligibility is based on specific disibility catagories, and services are for intervention and accommodation based on need. The goal is general classroom learning for all students (IDEA 2004, n.d.). -
NH Rules for Children with Disabilities (amended, May, 2014)
Chapter Ed 1100
NH Rules for Children with disabilities is a complete list of the rules and regulations that govern the rights of students with disabilities. It includes the rights of students, parents and schools as well as explaining the accepted definition of a child with a disability. NH Rules also provides information of how federal disability rights laws apply to the Nh Rules and guidelines for education (NH Rules, 2014).
