LANGUAGE TEACHING XlX-XXl

By doandra

  • Latin

    Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, law, and administration. Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, Medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin.

  • Lingua franca

    French was used as a lingua franca. French was the language of diplomacy in Europe from the 17th century until its recent replacement by English, and as a result is still a working language of international institutions and is seen on documents ranging from passports to airmail letters.

  • The grammar-translation method

    • The goal of foreign language study is to learn a language in order to read its literature.
    • Reading and writing are the major focus; little or no systematic attention is paid to speaking or listening.
    • Vocabulary selection is based solely on the readin texts used and words. -The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice.
    • accuracy is emphasized.
    • Grammar is taught deductively.
    • The students native language is the medium of instruction.

  • Approaches and methods in teacher preparation programs

    1. The study of approaches and methods provides teachers with a view of how the field of language teaching has evolved.
    2. A and M can be studied not as prescriptions for how to teach but as a source of well-used practices, which teachers can adapt based on their own needs.
    3. Experience in using different teaching A and M can provide teachers with basic teaching skills that they can later add to or supplement as they develop teaching experience.

  • The reform movement

    The International Phonetic Association, was founded by
    Paul Passy, who recommended:
    1. The study of spoken language.
    2. Phonetic training in order to obtain good
    pronunciation.
    3. The use,of conversation texts and dialogues.
    4. Inductive teaching of grammar.
    5. Teaching vocabulary by associating with the target
    language avoiding mother tongue.
    6. Speech as a primary goal of foreign language
    learning.
    7. Reading should be taken up after mastering the
    listening skill.

  • Internation Phonetic Association (IPA)

    Linguistists emphasized that speech, rather than the written word, was the primary form of language.
    The IPA was designed to enable the sounds of any language to be accurately transcribed

  • The direct method

    In general, teaching focuses on the development of oral skills:
    1.Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target of language.
    2. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught.
    3. Grammar was taught inductively.
    4. New teaching points were introduced orally.
    5. Both speech and listening comprehension were taught.
    6. Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized.

  • Audio-Lingual method

    This method came into existence with the ideas of RM and DM put together. Speech is the most important:
    1. Language is speech.
    2. A language is a set of habits.
    3. Teach the language not about the language.
    4. Languages are different and need to be contrasted. Skinnerian behaviourist theory dominated the Audio - Lingual method. The behaviourist theory of language learning claimed that learning takes place as a result of : imitation — re—inforcement — repetition - conditioning

  • The methods era

    Language teaching approaches and methods:
    1. an approach or method refers to a theoretically consistent set of teaching procedures that define best practice in language teaching.
    2. Particular approaches and methods, if followed precisely, will lead to more effective levels of language learning than alternative ways of teaching.
    3. The quality of language teaching will improve if teachers use the best available approaches and methods.

  • Based teaching

    Content-Based Instruction and Task-Based Language Teaching emerged as new approaches to language teaching as did movements such as Competency-Based Instruction that focus on the out-comes of learning rather than methods of teaching.

  • Communicative language teaching

    communicative language teaching is to make learners "communicativel and competent'.
    1. Language is a system for the expression of meaning.
    2. The primary function of language is for interaction and communication.
    3. The structure of language reflects its functional and communicative uses.
    4. The primary units of language are not merely its grammatical and structural features, but categories of functional and communicative meaning as exemplified in discourse.