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    Ptolemy proposes a geocentric universe in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth in a complicated system of circular orbits.

    Ptolemy proposes a geocentric universe in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth in a complicated system of circular orbits.
  • Apr 12, 1543

    Copemicus introduces a heliocentric system, with the planets in circular orbits.

    Copemicus introduces a heliocentric system, with the planets in circular orbits.

  • Italian scientist Giordano Bruno claims that neither Earth nor the sun is the center of the universe. Instead he suggests that the sun is simply one of the infinitely many stars, and that there might be countless planets like Earth.

    Italian scientist Giordano Bruno claims that neither Earth nor the sun is the center of the universe. Instead he suggests that the sun is simply one of the infinitely many stars, and that there might be countless planets like Earth.

  • Tycho Brahe proposes a system that combines aspects of both the COpeernican and Ptolemaic models, with the sun revolving around the Earth and the other planets orbiting the sun.

    Tycho Brahe proposes a system that combines aspects of both the COpeernican and Ptolemaic models, with the sun revolving around the Earth and the other planets orbiting the sun.

  • Johannes Kepler posits three laws of planetary motion: The planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun; they travel faster when they are closer to the sun in their orbit; those closer to the sun have shorter orbital periods than those farther from th

    Johannes Kepler posits three laws of planetary motion: The planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun; they travel faster when they are closer to the sun in their orbit; those closer to the sun have shorter orbital periods than those farther from th

  • Galileo Galilei builds his first telescope which leads to discoveries that ultimately confirm the heliocentric system.

    Galileo Galilei builds his first telescope which leads to discoveries that ultimately confirm the heliocentric system.

  • Isaac Newton publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. It formulates his law of universal gravitation which explains Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

    Isaac Newton publishes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. It formulates his law of universal gravitation which explains Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

  • Friedrich Bessel, a German mathematician and sronomer, is the first to measure stellar parallax, the shift in a star's position when it is viewed from different points in Earth's orbit. He thus provides the final proof that Earth does, in face, orbit the

    Friedrich Bessel, a German mathematician and sronomer, is the first to measure stellar parallax, the shift in a star's position when it is viewed from different points in Earth's orbit. He thus provides the final proof that Earth does, in face, orbit the

  • Albert Einstein presents a trailblazing model of gravitation: the general theory of relativity. This becomes the foundation for modern cosmology. Einstein introduces spacetime in thre spatial and one temporal dimensional.

    Albert Einstein presents a trailblazing model of gravitation: the general theory of relativity. This becomes the foundation for modern cosmology. Einstein introduces spacetime in thre spatial and one temporal dimensional.

  • Georges Lemaitre presents an early version of the big-bang theory based on the theory of relativity.

    Georges Lemaitre presents an early version of the big-bang theory based on the theory of relativity.

  • Edwin Hubble discovers that the speed at which galaxies are moving away from us is proportional to their distance from Earth. This is now called the Hubble law.

    Edwin Hubble discovers that the speed at which galaxies are moving away from us is proportional to their distance from Earth. This is now called the Hubble law.

  • Fritz Zwicky discovers the first indications that the space between galaxies might contain an invisible form of matter that can be deduced from its gravitational effects on its surroundings.

    Fritz Zwicky discovers the first indications that the space between galaxies might contain an invisible form of matter that can be deduced from its gravitational effects on its surroundings.

  • George Gamow publishes The Origin of Chemical Element, which gives a possible explanation for the distribution of the elements in the universe, the foundation for the modern big bang theory.

    George Gamow publishes The Origin of Chemical Element, which gives a possible explanation for the distribution of the elements in the universe, the foundation for the modern big bang theory.

  • English astronomer Fred Hoyle derides Gamow's theory calling it the big bang while revising and pressenting the steady-state theory that posits the constant creation of new atoms in empty space Hoyle claims the universe has always looked like it does now.

    English astronomer Fred Hoyle derides Gamow's theory calling it the big bang while revising and pressenting the steady-state theory that posits the constant creation of new atoms in empty space Hoyle claims the universe has always looked like it does now.

  • Amo Penzias and Robert Wilson stumbleupon cosmic microwave background radiation while testing a highlysensitive antenna. Because scientists see this leftover energy from the hot early universe everywhere they look, it is convincing evidence of the big ban

    Amo Penzias and Robert Wilson stumbleupon cosmic microwave background radiation while testing a highlysensitive antenna. Because scientists see this leftover energy from the hot early universe everywhere they look, it is convincing evidence of the big ban

  • VeraRubin and Kent Ford show thatstarsonthe outskirts of a spiral galaxy move muchfaster than expected. Their finding is a strong indication that dark matter exerts a gravitational pull on the stars.

    VeraRubin and Kent Ford show thatstarsonthe outskirts of a spiral galaxy move muchfaster than expected. Their finding is a strong indication that dark matter exerts a gravitational pull on the stars.

  • The COBE satellite shows, as predicted, that the cosmic microwave back-ground is the remant heat of the early universe--at a temperature of 2.726 degrees above absolute zero.

    The COBE satellite shows, as predicted, that the cosmic microwave back-ground is the remant heat of the early universe--at a temperature of 2.726 degrees above absolute zero.

  • Research teams from the U.S. and Austrailia independently show that the universe is expanding at a constantly increasing rate. Astronomers theorize that a repulsive force known as dark energy must be pushing the universe apart.

    Research teams from the U.S. and Austrailia independently show that the universe is expanding at a constantly increasing rate. Astronomers theorize that a repulsive force known as dark energy must be pushing the universe apart.

  • The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe precisely measures the very small temperature differences in the afterglow of the Big Bang, which suggest that matter was not evenly distributed in the early universe but instead had lumps that became the seeds of

    The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe precisely measures the very small temperature differences in the afterglow of the Big Bang, which suggest that matter was not evenly distributed in the early universe but instead had lumps that became the seeds of

  • Maps of the universe's macrostructure reveal that galaxies are not distributed uniformly throughout the universe. Instead, the universe has a foamlike structure in which galaxies and galaxy clusters lie on the surface of bubbles containing enormous voids.

    Maps of the universe's macrostructure reveal that galaxies are not distributed uniformly throughout the universe. Instead, the universe has a foamlike structure in which galaxies and galaxy clusters lie on the surface of bubbles containing enormous voids.