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She was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romee. She was born in a small house next to the village church in Domremy (Brooks 15-17).
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This is the world's longest man-made waterway. It is 1,100 miles in length. It connected the agriculturally rich south to the capital cities and large standing armies in the north (www.britannica.com).
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The Hussites, who followed the reformer John Huss, agreed upon four articles which summarized their beliefs. The reformers greatly influenced the direction of the Roman Catholic Church. The views of the Christian religion with poverty and humility is very different from the worldly grandeur of the papacy (www.historyworld.net).
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The voyage strengthened the friendly relations between China and other countries in Asia and Africa. It also gave a nudge to cultural and economic exchange between them (www.chinavoc.com).
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The patent gave Filippo Brunelleschi a three-year monopoly on the manufacture of a barge with hoisting gear used to transport marble. Such privileged grants to inventors spread from Italy to other European countries during the next two centuries. In many cases governments issued grants for the importation and establishment of new industries (www.britannica.com).
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The St. Elizabeth flood occurred during a heavy storm at the North Sea causing the dykes to break and flooding the low-lying areas. Thousands were killed. Because of these floods, the capital of Holland could only be reached by water (geerts.com).
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She thought the voices she heard in her head were coming from St. Michael. She thought she had been chosen by God to rescue the kingdom of France. The voices also told her to rescue Dauphin Charles VII (Brooks 26-27).
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This was Joan's first forray into battle. The French victory became a turning point in the war. Joan's contribution was more psychological than military (Brooks 51-68).
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This was Joan's first forray into battle. The French victory became a turning point in the war. Joan's contribution was more psychological than military (Brooks 51-68).
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Joan persuaded the army to capture all the towns held by the English in Loire River area then head Reims, where the Dauphin would be crowned. In a battle of Jargeau, Joan displayed confidence, intuition, and bravery, which gave the French confidence to take the town. The battle for Patay was going to be fought in open land. Joan pushed the military command to advance quckly instead of following the old chivilric tatics. These victories added to Joan's fame (Brooks 69-75).
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Joan persuaded the army to capture all the towns held by the English in Loire River area then head Reims, where the Dauphin would be crowned. In a battle of Jargeau, Joan displayed confidence, intuition, and bravery, which gave the French confidence to take the town. The battle for Patay was going to be fought in open land. Joan pushed the military command to advance quckly instead of following the old chivilric tatics. These victories added to Joan's fame (Brooks 69-75).
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The French delayed attacking Paris because of a truce between Charles and Philip. This truce marked the split between Charles and Joan. Joan was not in favor of this truce because she suspected double-crossing. After the first truce, there was a second truce. By the time they finally attacked, they had lost their momentum and were unable to take the city (Brooks 89-95).
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Philip was on his way to attack Compiegne, and Joan rushed to its rescue. The army had gone out to secure a bridge. Some of the French started to panic and fled back to town. Joan was unable to rally the troops like she had in the past. Once most of the troops were back inside the city, the drawbridge was raised, locking Joan out and allowing her to be captured (Brooks 101-103).
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The original goal was to reach the Persian Gulf at Hormuz, known to be a city of amazing wealth and goods, including pearls and precious stones much coveted by the Chinese emperor.
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Joan was captured by the English. While the French saw her voices as coming from God, the English saw them as coming from the devil. She was tried for witchcraft and hersey, but the trial was motivated more by politics than religion (Brookks 119-134).
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Joan, after being physical drained and threatened to be burned, signed a reccantation. She confessed that her voices weren't athentic and also went back to wearing women's clothing. For doing this, she wasn't burned and was moved to a prison for women (www.goodreads.com).
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The day after she signed the recantation, she was found wearing men's clothing again. She also regretted what she had said the day before about her voices and took back what she said. This sealed her fate that she was to be burned as a heretic. (Magill 198-199).
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After her death, her influence to inspire the French grew even stronger. Her death even made the English, who burned her, regret doing so. From this time on, the French found a new assurance, and, with 25 years, the English were almost completely routed from France (Schlesinger 103-104).
