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the Qing dynasty of the Manchus was at the height of its power.
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In March 1853, the rebels seized Nanjing, the sec- ond largest city of the empire, and massacred 25,000 men, women, and children
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As a result of the Treaty of Tianjin in 1858, the Chinese agreed to legalize the opium trade and open new ports to foreign trade.
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the Sat-Cho alliance (from Satsuma-Choshu) forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West.
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n 1868, the new leaders signed a Charter Oath, in which they promised to create a new legislative assembly within the framework of continued imperial rule.
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Traditional values were also given a firm legal basis in the 1889 constitution, which limited the right to vote to men.
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Born in 1904, Ba Jin was well attuned to the rigors and expected obedience of Chinese family life.
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After their defeat, the Russians agreed to a humiliating peace in 1905.
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In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt made a “gentlemen’s agreement” with Japan that essentially stopped Japanese immigration to the United States.
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In 1910, Japan annexed Korea outright.
