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American Stock Exchanges Close
European investors began selling their holdings to raise funds for the war efforts, so in order to prevent the stock market crash, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago Stock Exchanges closed their doors. -
American Neutrality
President Woodrow Wilson declared American neutrality, later warned the United States "must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men's souls." -
Stock Exchanges Reopen
After closing their doors on July 31, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago all reopened their Stock Exchange doors. -
Women's Peace Treaty
Elected noted settlement-house leader Jane Addams president. It was founded in response to the start of WWI. One of the first groups to stage going against the war. -
International Congress of Women
Met at The Hague, Netherlands with more than 1,200 delegates from twelve countries. These countries include Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Poland and the United States. These members were determined to resolve the conflict, and even drafted a set of policies for peace on May 1. -
US Troops Enter Mexico
Brigadier General John J. Pershing invaded Mexico with orders from Woodrow Wilson. These orders were to capture and kill Pancho Villa and scatter his remains. American forces left Mexico with a failed capture of Villa in February 1917. -
Council of National Defense
Woodrow Wilson established the Council of National Defense. This helped asses and coordinate resources and industry. -
Pearl Harbor is Attacked
Japan bombs Pearl Harbor to get America involved in the war. -
The Fall of Singapore
British Commonwealth forces surrender Singapore after a week-long siege by Japan. Nearly 80,000 British, Indian and Australian POWs were taken. -
The Philippines Go Down
More than 80,000 American and Filipino forces surrender to the Japanese. The US Pacific Command retreats to Australia, led by Douglas MacArthur. -
Battle of Midway
Turning point of the Pacific War. Americans defeat Japanese Navy at Midway Atoll. Four carriers and one cruiser sunk. -
Battle of Saipan
US forces capture the island of Saipan. Built massive airbases for B-29 Superfortress bombers within the range of Japanese Home Islands. -
Cherbourg Port Captured
All Allies capture the French port of Cherbourg. Germans are on the retreat. -
Battle of the Bulge
Last German offensive on the western front begins. Hitler orders quarter-million troops across Luxembourg to push back allied forces. German troops advance 50 miles into Allied lines, creates a deadly "bulge" into Allied defenses. -
Battle of Bulge Ends
Defeat of Germany because of a shortage of supplies and forces are overcome by allied resistance. -
Stalin Gains Power
US president, Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin meet in Yalta in the Crimea. US and Britain agree to allow Stalin control eastern Europe after the war ends. -
Hitler commits suicide
As Soviet forces from Eastern front circle Berlin, Hitler poisons his mistress, Eva Braun, and shoots himself in a bombproof bunker. Their bodies were cremated in a garden -
Germany Surrenders
US Gen. Dwight Eisenhower accepts Germany's unconditional surrender at Reims, France. -
War in Europe Ends
The war in Europe officially ends at midnight. -
Bosnia
Created after WWII break up of Yugoslavia -
Indochina War Begins
Democratic Republic of Vietnam launches their first attack against French. -
North Korea Invades South Korea
Permission from Russia, North Korea invades South Korea and continues to capital of Seoul. South Korea's army is not strong enough to stop it. -
South Korean President kills 100,000 People
President Syngman Rhee was worried the Koreans would join the communists, starts the Summer of Terror and orders that 100,000 people are killed. -
United States Joins the Korean War
President Harry Truman sends US troops to Korea. The US and other countries of the United Nations join the war because they wanted to stop communism from spreading to South Korea. -
United States defeated in Osan
American troops fight North Korean troops in Osan and are expected an easy victory. They are surprised to find out that they will lose against North Korea. -
United States has a Victory at Inchon
American troops defeat South Korea after an invasion of Inchon Invasion led by General Douglas MacArthur. -
United States Troops Reach the Capital of North Korea
US troops make it to Pyongyang. Soldiers think that the war will end soon. Some troops start taking bets on what day it will end. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Failed military invasion of Cuba
Undertaken by CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506
Lasted two days
Intention was to overthrow communist ruling Fidel Castro -
Berlin Wall
Divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989
Constructed by German Democratic Republic
Separated East Berlin from West Germany and from West Berlin until government officials opened it
Destructed because of a series of radical political changes in 1989
Destruction date: November 9, 1989 -
Cuban Missile Crisis
Also referred to as the October Crisis, Caribbean Crisis, or Missile Scare
13 day confrontation between US and Soviet Union
Concerned Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba -
Josip Tito
Leader of Yugoslavia
Reunified Yugoslavia after the breakup following the World War II
Communist Leader
kept ties with Soviet Union and and United States, worked both sides
Dies in 1980 -
Ngo Dinh Diem regime is overthrown
Ngo Dinh Diem was a South Vietnamese politician. Assassinated along with his brother by the ARVN -
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Also called Southeast Asia Resolution
Made in response to the the Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Passed on April 7, 1964
Granted President Lyndon B. Johnson ability to use conventional military in Southeast Asia without any declaration of war by Congress -
Tet Offensive
One of the largest military campaigns during Vietnam War. Launched by members of Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army. -
My Lai Massacre
Mass murder of between 300 and 500 unarmed civilians. Occurred in South Vietnam. -
Election of 1968
Lyndon Johnson does not run. Nixon wins on promise to end the war. -
Vietnamization
Policy of administration of Richard Nixon to end the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Plan was to get South Vietnamese troops expanded, equipped, and trained to be assigned an increasing role in combat. Meanwhile, steadily reducing the number of American troops in the war. -
Invasion of Cambodia
30,000 U.S. troops go into Cambodia in response to a demand from President Nixon. 13 operations were made from April 29 to July 22. -
Kent State
Occurred at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. Many students lined up to protest the Vietnam War. National Guard showed up and fought against the students to calm them down. Eventually ended up as 4 deaths and 9 injuries of college students. -
26th Amendment
Reduced the age of voting from 21 to 18 years of age. -
Watergate Scandal
Nixon scandal, -
Release of POWs
North Vietnamese release the prisoners of war. The prisoners were held for as long as 1964 to 1973. -
Last US Soldiers Leave Vietnam
Two months after signing the peace agreement with Vietnam the last troops of combat finally step off the battlefield to go home. -
Operation Desert Storm
42 days of attacks- Feb 28th cease fire
Leads to Iraq war in 2003
No permanent treaty by Iran and Iraq, peace seemed imminent
Hussein delivers speech- makes accusations against Kuwait
Accuses of taking crude oil, demands foreign debt be taken care of, conspiracy to keep prices low (for west), says Kuwait not a "real" country -
Hussein Invades Kuwait
President Hosni Mubarak (Egypt)- wants to prevent U.S. intervention if possible
Mubarak thought Arab states would sit back
They did not and 14/21 condemned his actions -
United Nations Asked to Help
The U.S. is now asked to help
August 3, 1990 the Unites Nations ask Iraqi to leave Kuwait -
Operation Desert Shield
Prevent possible attack on Saudi Arabia
Iraq has 300,000 troops in Kuwait
Hussein declares Jihad (Holy War)
Creates hastened peace treaty with Iran to get military up to full strength
United Nations gives until January 15, 1991 to withdraw -
Operation Desert Storm Begins
Norman Schwarzkopf use of stealth bombers, Cruise Missiles, Smart Bombs and night bombing equipment
February 24, ground offensive begins
Operation Desert Sabre Storm Kuwait and the southern part of Iraq -
A Civil War Begins
Slovenia and Croatia declare independence from Yugoslavia
Slovenia wins battle with Milosevic
Milosevic now focuses on Croatia
12% Orthodox Serbs
After fall of City of Vukovar- first mass executions of Croats -
Recognized Bosnia Independence
Mostly Muslim country (32% Serbs)
Milosevic responds by attacking Sarajevo (capital)
Sarajevo- snipers killed civilians (3,500 children killed)
Bosnia Muslims outgunned
Mass shootings
Forced re-population
Rape of women
"Ethnic Cleansing" -
UN Resolution 751
Authorizes humanitarian relief efforts
relieve confusion among religious groups in region
Get supplies where they need to be
US airlift supplies in to pass congested areas and looters -
Operation Provide Relief
Want to avoid the use of military in humanitarian efforts -
Operation Restore Hope
Warlords running the country
Ethnic and Sectarian warfare is norm
Humanitarian groups establish groups for refugees so they don't starve to death
Attention needed most for those who need it is not reached -
Operation Restore Hope- Biggest Warlord Issue
38,000 troops from 23 countries and representatives from 49 humanitarian groups
US Marine and Navy Seals arrive in Mogadishu to secure area
Successful at first
Warlord Issue between General Mohammad Farrar Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohamed
UN moves to countryside to help, US wants to turn mission over until April because of current success
Just humanitarian relief instead of military
Restore Hope - SUCCESS -
Aidid vs. Soldiers
Aidid starts to attack soldiers
24 Pakistani soldiers were killed and another 44 wounded in an attack -
US Attacks
US attacks Aidid compound from helicopter
4 western journalists are killed and displayed for everyone to see -
Worst Part of Genocide
Serbs murder 8,000 men between ages 12-60
Continued practice of mass rape of females
Military effectiveness takes hold
Massive NATO bombing forces -
Milosevic Ready to Talk Peace
Wright Patterson Air Force Base (Ohio)
agreed to:
Democratic elections
Two main portions - Bosnian Serb Republic and Muslim-Croat Federation
War criminals be handed over for prosecution
30 men prosecuted for war crimes -
Aftermath
Bush gives Hussein ultimatum- step down or be removed. -
Slobodan Melosevic
Serbian
Used nationalism and religious hatred to gain power
Created more tensions between Serbians and Muslims in Kosovo
