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European investors began selling their holdings to raise funds for the war efforts, so in order to prevent the stock market crash, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago Stock Exchanges closed their doors.
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President Woodrow Wilson declared American neutrality, later warned the United States "must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men's souls."
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After closing their doors on July 31, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago all reopened their Stock Exchange doors.
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Elected noted settlement-house leader Jane Addams president. It was founded in response to the start of WWI. One of the first groups to stage going against the war.
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Met at The Hague, Netherlands with more than 1,200 delegates from twelve countries. These countries include Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Poland and the United States. These members were determined to resolve the conflict, and even drafted a set of policies for peace on May 1.
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Brigadier General John J. Pershing invaded Mexico with orders from Woodrow Wilson. These orders were to capture and kill Pancho Villa and scatter his remains. American forces left Mexico with a failed capture of Villa in February 1917.
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Woodrow Wilson established the Council of National Defense. This helped asses and coordinate resources and industry.
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Japan bombs Pearl Harbor to get America involved in the war.
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British Commonwealth forces surrender Singapore after a week-long siege by Japan. Nearly 80,000 British, Indian and Australian POWs were taken.
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More than 80,000 American and Filipino forces surrender to the Japanese. The US Pacific Command retreats to Australia, led by Douglas MacArthur.
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Turning point of the Pacific War. Americans defeat Japanese Navy at Midway Atoll. Four carriers and one cruiser sunk.
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US forces capture the island of Saipan. Built massive airbases for B-29 Superfortress bombers within the range of Japanese Home Islands.
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All Allies capture the French port of Cherbourg. Germans are on the retreat.
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Last German offensive on the western front begins. Hitler orders quarter-million troops across Luxembourg to push back allied forces. German troops advance 50 miles into Allied lines, creates a deadly "bulge" into Allied defenses.
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Defeat of Germany because of a shortage of supplies and forces are overcome by allied resistance.
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US president, Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin meet in Yalta in the Crimea. US and Britain agree to allow Stalin control eastern Europe after the war ends.
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As Soviet forces from Eastern front circle Berlin, Hitler poisons his mistress, Eva Braun, and shoots himself in a bombproof bunker. Their bodies were cremated in a garden
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US Gen. Dwight Eisenhower accepts Germany's unconditional surrender at Reims, France.
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The war in Europe officially ends at midnight.
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Created after WWII break up of Yugoslavia
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Democratic Republic of Vietnam launches their first attack against French.
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Permission from Russia, North Korea invades South Korea and continues to capital of Seoul. South Korea's army is not strong enough to stop it.
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President Syngman Rhee was worried the Koreans would join the communists, starts the Summer of Terror and orders that 100,000 people are killed.
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President Harry Truman sends US troops to Korea. The US and other countries of the United Nations join the war because they wanted to stop communism from spreading to South Korea.
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American troops fight North Korean troops in Osan and are expected an easy victory. They are surprised to find out that they will lose against North Korea.
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American troops defeat South Korea after an invasion of Inchon Invasion led by General Douglas MacArthur.
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US troops make it to Pyongyang. Soldiers think that the war will end soon. Some troops start taking bets on what day it will end.
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Failed military invasion of Cuba
Undertaken by CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506
Lasted two days
Intention was to overthrow communist ruling Fidel Castro -
Divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989
Constructed by German Democratic Republic
Separated East Berlin from West Germany and from West Berlin until government officials opened it
Destructed because of a series of radical political changes in 1989
Destruction date: November 9, 1989 -
Also referred to as the October Crisis, Caribbean Crisis, or Missile Scare
13 day confrontation between US and Soviet Union
Concerned Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba -
Leader of Yugoslavia
Reunified Yugoslavia after the breakup following the World War II
Communist Leader
kept ties with Soviet Union and and United States, worked both sides
Dies in 1980 -
Ngo Dinh Diem was a South Vietnamese politician. Assassinated along with his brother by the ARVN
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Also called Southeast Asia Resolution
Made in response to the the Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Passed on April 7, 1964
Granted President Lyndon B. Johnson ability to use conventional military in Southeast Asia without any declaration of war by Congress -
One of the largest military campaigns during Vietnam War. Launched by members of Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army.
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Mass murder of between 300 and 500 unarmed civilians. Occurred in South Vietnam.
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Lyndon Johnson does not run. Nixon wins on promise to end the war.
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Policy of administration of Richard Nixon to end the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Plan was to get South Vietnamese troops expanded, equipped, and trained to be assigned an increasing role in combat. Meanwhile, steadily reducing the number of American troops in the war.
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30,000 U.S. troops go into Cambodia in response to a demand from President Nixon. 13 operations were made from April 29 to July 22.
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Occurred at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. Many students lined up to protest the Vietnam War. National Guard showed up and fought against the students to calm them down. Eventually ended up as 4 deaths and 9 injuries of college students.
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Reduced the age of voting from 21 to 18 years of age.
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Nixon scandal,
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North Vietnamese release the prisoners of war. The prisoners were held for as long as 1964 to 1973.
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Two months after signing the peace agreement with Vietnam the last troops of combat finally step off the battlefield to go home.
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42 days of attacks- Feb 28th cease fire
Leads to Iraq war in 2003
No permanent treaty by Iran and Iraq, peace seemed imminent
Hussein delivers speech- makes accusations against Kuwait
Accuses of taking crude oil, demands foreign debt be taken care of, conspiracy to keep prices low (for west), says Kuwait not a "real" country -
President Hosni Mubarak (Egypt)- wants to prevent U.S. intervention if possible
Mubarak thought Arab states would sit back
They did not and 14/21 condemned his actions -
The U.S. is now asked to help
August 3, 1990 the Unites Nations ask Iraqi to leave Kuwait -
Prevent possible attack on Saudi Arabia
Iraq has 300,000 troops in Kuwait
Hussein declares Jihad (Holy War)
Creates hastened peace treaty with Iran to get military up to full strength
United Nations gives until January 15, 1991 to withdraw -
Norman Schwarzkopf use of stealth bombers, Cruise Missiles, Smart Bombs and night bombing equipment
February 24, ground offensive begins
Operation Desert Sabre Storm Kuwait and the southern part of Iraq -
Slovenia and Croatia declare independence from Yugoslavia
Slovenia wins battle with Milosevic
Milosevic now focuses on Croatia
12% Orthodox Serbs
After fall of City of Vukovar- first mass executions of Croats -
Mostly Muslim country (32% Serbs)
Milosevic responds by attacking Sarajevo (capital)
Sarajevo- snipers killed civilians (3,500 children killed)
Bosnia Muslims outgunned
Mass shootings
Forced re-population
Rape of women
"Ethnic Cleansing" -
Authorizes humanitarian relief efforts
relieve confusion among religious groups in region
Get supplies where they need to be
US airlift supplies in to pass congested areas and looters -
Want to avoid the use of military in humanitarian efforts
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Warlords running the country
Ethnic and Sectarian warfare is norm
Humanitarian groups establish groups for refugees so they don't starve to death
Attention needed most for those who need it is not reached -
38,000 troops from 23 countries and representatives from 49 humanitarian groups
US Marine and Navy Seals arrive in Mogadishu to secure area
Successful at first
Warlord Issue between General Mohammad Farrar Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mohamed
UN moves to countryside to help, US wants to turn mission over until April because of current success
Just humanitarian relief instead of military
Restore Hope - SUCCESS -
Aidid starts to attack soldiers
24 Pakistani soldiers were killed and another 44 wounded in an attack -
US attacks Aidid compound from helicopter
4 western journalists are killed and displayed for everyone to see -
Serbs murder 8,000 men between ages 12-60
Continued practice of mass rape of females
Military effectiveness takes hold
Massive NATO bombing forces -
Wright Patterson Air Force Base (Ohio)
agreed to:
Democratic elections
Two main portions - Bosnian Serb Republic and Muslim-Croat Federation
War criminals be handed over for prosecution
30 men prosecuted for war crimes -
Bush gives Hussein ultimatum- step down or be removed.
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Serbian
Used nationalism and religious hatred to gain power
Created more tensions between Serbians and Muslims in Kosovo
