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The sweet smell of urine of diabetes was noted frist by the Oxford physician, Thomas Willis.
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John Rollo treated a patient by dietary restriction.
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Bernard discovered liver stores glycogen and secreted a sugary substance into the blood. He assumed this caused diabetes.
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Disproved Bernard's liver theory when he found that removing the pancreas caused diabetes
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Frederick Banting is the co-discoverer of insulin. Banting, along with others, extracted pancreas of dog. They isolated two other dogs with diabetes and administered the extract to only one of the two. The control dog died.
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14 year old boy became first human patient to receive insulin made from Banting. It failed.
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Purified injections developed by Collip were given.
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Lilly shipped and produced insulin commercially and was used to treat diabetes in most western countries.
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J.J. Abel crystallized insulin.
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Insulin needed to be injected twice daily. There was a need for longer acting insulin.
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Lente insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin that starts working about 1.5 hours after it is injected. The effect is maximal between 4 and 8 hours and ends as long as 24 hours after injection.
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Fredrick Sanger of Cambridge discovered the composition of two chains of 51 amino acids linked by disulphide bridges. He received the Nobel Prize.
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Solomon and Rosalind investigated diabetes even more through immunoassay.
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Three dimensional structure of the insulin molecule was discovered by Hodgin. She won the Nobel Prize for her work with insulin.
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Afreeza is a powder form insulin that is breathed into the lungs through an inhaler.
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Today there are a variety of insulin treatments: rapid acting, short acting, intermediate acting, long acting, delivery systems of injections, pens, pumps, etc.
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Artificial pancreas is in the working by researchers. It will detect blood glucose levels and regulate blood sugar with insulin and other hormones without human intervention.
