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An emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of the First World War.
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An extension of the Defence of India Act (1915) granting very wide powers of preventive detention, internment without trial, restriction of writing, speech, and movement for use against revolutionary conspiracy and terrorist activity. The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 precipitated large scale political unrest throughout India.
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Read it online! "Grave Riots In India." The Times [London, England] 15 Apr. 1919. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 7 Oct. 2015 Reports like these can be considered the first draft of history. They often include the "Who, What, Where, and Why" of an event.
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Read it online "The Outbreak in India." Times [London, England] 15 Apr. 1919: 13. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. These reports are intended for a general audience, not very detailed, and can contain innacurate info Initial reporting of the events at Amritsar.
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Full text online Tagore, R., Dutta, Krishna, and Robinson, Andrew. Selected letters of Rabindranath Tagore. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 215-218. Print.
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"Rabindranath's Resignation." The Modern Review, August 1919. 169. Web. -
Read it online! "The Amritsar Disclosures." Times [London, England] 16 Dec. 1919: 15. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. After time, reports become more detailed and provide a deeper investigation into the immediate context of events.
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Image and Full text of newspaper "Amritsar Debate." Times [London, England] 9 July 1920: 16. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
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Read it online "General Dyer's Defence." Times [London, England] 9 July 1920: 17+. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
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"Lords Support Gen. Dyer." Times [London, England] 21 July 1920: 14. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. -
Full text online Houghton, Bernard. "Reform in India." Political Science Quarterly 35.4 (1920): 545-54. Web. In the weeks and months after an event, long form stories appear that begin to discuss the impact of an event on society, culture, and public policy.
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Full text online Muddiman, A. P. "British India." Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 3.3 (1921): 125-35. Web.
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Find it in the library! Forster, E. M. A Passage to India. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1924. Print.
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Full text of the article Levine, June Perry. "An Analysis Of The Manuscripts Of A Passage To India." PMLA: Publications Of The Modern Language Association Of America 85.2 (1970): 284-294. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. Written years after the book's release, this article analyzes multiple versions of the novel's events.
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Full text of the article Meyers, Jeffrey. "The Politics Of A Passage To India." Journal Of Modern Literature 1.(1971): 329-338. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. Academic journals include detailed analysis and learned commentary related to the event. They are often theoretical, and intended for other scholars and researchers.
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Full text online Price, Martin. "People Of The Book: Character In Forster's A Passage To India." Critical Inquiry 1.3 (1975): 605-622. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.
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Find it in the library Embree, Ainslie Thomas., Hay, Stephen N, and De Bary, William Theodore. Sources of Indian Tradition. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia UP, 1988. Print. Introduction to Oriental Civilizations.
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Full Text of Article Sayer, Derek. "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920." Past and Present 131 (1991): 130-164.
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Tuteja, K. L. "Jallianwala Bagh: A Critical Juncture in the Indian National Movement." Social Scientist 25.1/2 (1997): 25-61. Web. -
Find it in the library! "Managing the crisis? Fleet Street, government, and the Jallianwallah Bagh massacre, 1919-20". In Kaul, Chandrika. Reporting the Raj: The British Press and India, C. 1880-1922. Manchester ; New York: Manchester UP, 2003. 199-229. Print.
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Find it in the library! "The Jallianwala Bagh." In Collett, Nigel A. The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer. London ; New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007. 251-267. Print. Books provide in-depth coverage of an event, often expanding and detailing themes, subjects, and analysis begun in academic research and published in journals. Often places an event into some sort of historical context
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Find it online! Neill, Jeremy. "Amritsar Massacre." Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. : Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference. 2008. Date Accessed 7 Oct. 2015 . Provides factual information and a brief summary of the events at Jallianwala Bagh. Aimed at a wide audience seeking general information about the topic.
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Full Text of Article Collett, Nigel A. "The O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924: New Evidence Concerning Indian Attitudes and British Intelligence during the 1919 Punjab Disturbances." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21.4 (2011): 469-83. ProQuest. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.
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Full text of article Dua, Rohan. "Jallianwala Bagh massacre deeply shameful, says Cameron" The Times of India. 21 Feb 2013. Web.
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Read it online! Russell, Tim. "Jallianwala Bagh: A Landmark in the Struggle for Freedom." The Readex Blog. 20 March 2013. Web.
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Full Text of Article</a> Lloyd, Nick. "Amritsar massacre: how Britain lost the will to rule." The Telegraph. 3 Jan. 2014. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. A retrospective look at the event from a scholar in the field, but written for a general audience.
