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European traders began to move into China in great numbers.
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the rebels seized Ninjing, the second largest city of the empire, and massacred 25,000 men, women and children
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U.S. consul Townsend Harris signed a more detailed treaty.
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the Sat-Cho alliance forced a shogun to promise to end relations with the West.
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Sat-Cho armies attacked the shogun's place in Kyoto and proclaimed that the authority of the emperor had been restored.
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Traditional values were also given a firm legal basis in the 1889 constitution, which limited the right to vote to men.
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Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval bast at Port Arthur, which Russia had taken from China in 1898.
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the United States recognized Japan's role in return for Japanese recognition of American authority in the Philippines.
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President Theodore Roosevelt made a "gentlemen's agreement" with Japan that essentially stopped Japanese immigration to the United States.
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Japan annexed Korea outright.
