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John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon coined the term artificial intelligence in a proposal for a workshop widely recognized as a founding event in the AI field.
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Alan Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," introducing the Turing test and opening the doors to what would be known as AI.
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Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds developed the first artificial neural network (ANN) called SNARC using 3,000 vacuum tubes to simulate a network of 40 neurons.
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Arthur Samuel developed Samuel Checkers-Playing Program, the world's first program to play games that was self-learning.
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Frank Rosenblatt developed the perceptron, an early ANN that could learn from data and became the foundation for modern neural networks.
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Arthur Samuel coined the term machine learning in a seminal paper explaining that the computer could be programmed to outplay its programmer.
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Daniel Bobrow developed STUDENT, an early natural language processing (NLP) program designed to solve algebra word problems, while he was a doctoral candidate at MIT.
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Terry Winograd created SHRDLU, the first multimodal AI that could manipulate and reason out a world of blocks according to instructions from a user.
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Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg and Carl Djerassi developed the first expert system, Dendral, which assisted organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules.
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Joseph Weizenbaum created Eliza, one of the more celebrated computer programs of all time, capable of engaging in conversations with humans and making them believe the software had humanlike emotions.
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Arthur Bryson and Yu-Chi Ho described a backpropagation learning algorithm to enable multilayer ANNs, an advancement over the perceptron and a foundation for deep learning.