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What is Europe? Lessons from the past: 1648-1948
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End of the Thirty Year's War
The Thirty Year's War (1618-1648) ended with the Peace of Westphalia. This painting "The Ratification of the Treaty Munster," by Gerard ter Borch originiated in 1648 represents one of the peace settlements. It depicts Spain recognizing Dutch independence. This painting portrays one of the treaties that effectively created diplomatic relations within Europe. It helped to restore international stability and reduce religious divisions as a cause of war. Catholic and Protestant warfare was reduced. -
End of the Seven Year's War
The portrait, "William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham," was painted by William Hoare in about 1754. William Pitt played a pivotal role in Britain's rise to power by the end of the Seven Year's War (1754-1763) over rival France. The end of the Seven Year's War and the presence of William Pitt represents an era of expanded empires. It also addressed the issue of colonial rule, which increased prestige and wealth of European nations. It is even the end of the first truly global conflict. -
End of the Greek War of Independence
The painting, "Dionysios Solomos," is by an unkown artist. It was likely created after Solomos' death in 1857. Solomos was a national poet who supported the nationalist movement towards independence. He wrote what became the Hymn to Liberty, which became the Greek national anthemn in 1865. Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Turks was one of the most prominent and successful attempts at promoting liberty within Europe; first international intervention for humanitarian reasons. -
End of the Russo-Japanese War
This is a woodcut printing by Kobayashi Kiyochika that acted as Japanese propaganda in 1904/1905. It depicts Tsar Nicholas II and his nightmares of failures from battle with the Japanese. The end of the Russo-Japanese War is essential to the dynamics of Europe as it was the first time a major European power was defeated by an Asian one. This created a shift in power and a clear advancement in East Asia, which would consequently prove to be an international threat to Europe's security. -
End of World War One
This painting was created in 1919 by William Orphen. It is called "The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919." It is fundamental to the ending of World War One and the new structure of Europe after the first total war. World War One involved many nations due to alliances, which at the end of the war was geared towards the creation of the League of Nations, which was the first international organization created towards the maintenance of peace. -
End of World War Two
This image is titled "HMS Speaker's evacuation of POWs from Japan, September-October 1945 atomic bomb damage," so it portrays the secondary effects as a result of August 6th, 1945. The artist is unknown, but creators are attributed to "Admiralty, Naval Forces, Royal Marines, Coastguard and related bodies." Depicts the invention of nuclear arms and how technological warfare has changed over time. The game of warfare has now changed as a result of nuclear capabilities such as the atomic bomb.
