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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Diseases Caused By
Evil Spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments For Sick
Tribal Doctors performed ceremonies to force out evil spirits. Herbs and plants. -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today - Quinine
Quinine: Comes from cinchona tree bark. It controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, and helps prevent malaria. -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today - Belladonna and Atropine
Belladonna and Atropine: Comes from the poisonous nightshade plant. It relieves muscle spasms, especially in gastrointestinal (GI) pain. -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today - Digitalis
Digitalis: Comes from the foxglove plant. Today is used in pill form or injections to treat heart conditions. People used to chew these leaves to strengthen and slow their heartbeat. -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today - Morphine
Morphine: Made from the opium poppy. It is an effective medication for treating severe pain. It is addicting and only used when nothing else helps. -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Accurate health records. The physicians are priests. They healed with medicines and bloodletting (leeches). -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
First to use primitive acupuncture therapies. They used stone tools. Still commonly used. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
They thought illnesses may have natural causes. Religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissection.
Hippocrates kept carful records and found diseases weren’t caused by supernatural forces. Wrote standard of ethics called the Oath of Hippocrates. -
100
Ancient Romans
Romans learned from the Greeks that lack of sanitation could cause disease. So they brought in clean water into there cities, built sewers, and made public baths with filtering systems.
First to organize medical care. Sent medical equipment and physicians with armies to care for wounded soldiers.
Built rooms in houses for ill. This was the beginning of hospitals. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopped the study of medicine, why?
When the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns, medical study’s stopped. -
700
How do they treat disease?
Prayer and herbal mixtures -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Bubonic Plague (the Black Death) alone killed 60 million people. Others were smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth?
-The building of universities and medical schools for research.
-The acceptance of dissection of the body for study.
-The development of the printing press and the publishing of books, allowing greater access to knowledge from research. -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from ear to throat (Eustachian tube). -
William Harvey
Able to describe the circulation of blood and pumping of the heart. -
Antoine von Leeuwenhoek
Invented microscope. Also scraped his teeth and found bacteria that causes tooth decay. -
Apothecaries
Early Pharmacies
Engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the East. -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Discovered bifocals and and found colds could be passed from person to person. -
Medical students learning
Students didn’t just attend lectures they observed patients at the bedside. -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered the element oxygen. He also observed the plants refresh air that has lost oxygen, making it usable for respiration. -
Edward Jenner
Discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox. -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope (1st made of wood). Increased ability to hear heart and lungs allowing doctors to determine if disease was present. -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified cause of childbed fever. Many women died of this fever after giving birth. Hands were dirty and affected women. -
Florence Nightingale
Cared for soldiers, training for nurses, clean hospitals. -
Louis Pasteur
Discovered microorganisms were everywhere and caused disease. Discovered pasteurization and vaccine for rabies. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered micro organisms that can’t be seen under a microscope, called viruses. -
Joseph Lister
Helped prevent infections with carbolic acid. First doctor to use antiseptics (a substance that slows/stops the growth of microorganisms). -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed asepsis (sterile conditions, free from lol germs). Knew germs case infections. -
Robert Koch
Discovered many disease causing organisms. Introduce the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of disease. -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms. His discoveries brought the use of chemicals to fight disease. On his 606th experiment he found a treatment for syphilis that worked. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x-rays in 1895. First x-ray picture of his wife’s hand. This discovery allowed doctor to see inside the body and find out what’s wrong. -
Anesthesia
Before the 19th century pain was a problem because they had no anesthesia. Many patients died from shock or pain. Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were discovered. These drugs had the ability to prevent pain during surgery. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Found penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. Before penicillin was discovered people died of some of todays curable illnesses like pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning. -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Determined the mind and body work together. This lead to an understanding of physical illness cause by emotional conflict. Basic psychology -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds. These were the first medications effective in killing bacteria. -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus caused people to be paralyzed. He discovered the vaccine. -
Albert Sabin
Used a live polio virus vaccine, which was more effective. This vaccine is used today to immunize babies against the disease. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its known double helix. Their model explained how it replicates. -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968. -
Ben Carson
Continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing surgeries on the brain to stop seizures. -
Period: to
21th Century
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Reattachment
The ability to reattach severed body parts -
Organ Donors
The ability to transplant organs from and donor to a recipient -
Unborn Fetus
The advancement in caring for the unborn fetus. -
Diagnosis
The ability to use noninvasive techniques for diagnosis. -
Genetic Research
The possibility of eliminating disabling disease through genetic research.