-
-
Evil Spirits
-
Tribal Doctors performed ceremonies to force out evil spirits. Herbs and plants.
-
Quinine: Comes from cinchona tree bark. It controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, and helps prevent malaria.
-
Belladonna and Atropine: Comes from the poisonous nightshade plant. It relieves muscle spasms, especially in gastrointestinal (GI) pain. -
Digitalis: Comes from the foxglove plant. Today is used in pill form or injections to treat heart conditions. People used to chew these leaves to strengthen and slow their heartbeat. -
Morphine: Made from the opium poppy. It is an effective medication for treating severe pain. It is addicting and only used when nothing else helps. -
-
Accurate health records. The physicians are priests. They healed with medicines and bloodletting (leeches). -
First to use primitive acupuncture therapies. They used stone tools. Still commonly used. -
They thought illnesses may have natural causes. Religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissection.
Hippocrates kept carful records and found diseases weren’t caused by supernatural forces. Wrote standard of ethics called the Oath of Hippocrates. -
Romans learned from the Greeks that lack of sanitation could cause disease. So they brought in clean water into there cities, built sewers, and made public baths with filtering systems.
First to organize medical care. Sent medical equipment and physicians with armies to care for wounded soldiers.
Built rooms in houses for ill. This was the beginning of hospitals. -
-
When the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns, medical study’s stopped.
-
Prayer and herbal mixtures
-
-
Bubonic Plague (the Black Death) alone killed 60 million people. Others were smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis.
-
-
-The building of universities and medical schools for research.
-The acceptance of dissection of the body for study.
-The development of the printing press and the publishing of books, allowing greater access to knowledge from research. -
-
Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy
-
Discovered the tube leading from ear to throat (Eustachian tube).
-
Able to describe the circulation of blood and pumping of the heart.
-
Invented microscope. Also scraped his teeth and found bacteria that causes tooth decay.
-
Early Pharmacies
Engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the East. -
-
Discovered bifocals and and found colds could be passed from person to person. -
Students didn’t just attend lectures they observed patients at the bedside.
-
Discovered the element oxygen. He also observed the plants refresh air that has lost oxygen, making it usable for respiration.
-
Discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox.
-
Invented the stethoscope (1st made of wood). Increased ability to hear heart and lungs allowing doctors to determine if disease was present.
-
-
Identified cause of childbed fever. Many women died of this fever after giving birth. Hands were dirty and affected women.
-
Cared for soldiers, training for nurses, clean hospitals.
-
Discovered microorganisms were everywhere and caused disease. Discovered pasteurization and vaccine for rabies.
-
Discovered micro organisms that can’t be seen under a microscope, called viruses.
-
Helped prevent infections with carbolic acid. First doctor to use antiseptics (a substance that slows/stops the growth of microorganisms).
-
Developed asepsis (sterile conditions, free from lol germs). Knew germs case infections.
-
Discovered many disease causing organisms. Introduce the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in preventing the spread of disease.
-
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms. His discoveries brought the use of chemicals to fight disease. On his 606th experiment he found a treatment for syphilis that worked.
-
Discovered x-rays in 1895. First x-ray picture of his wife’s hand. This discovery allowed doctor to see inside the body and find out what’s wrong.
-
Before the 19th century pain was a problem because they had no anesthesia. Many patients died from shock or pain. Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were discovered. These drugs had the ability to prevent pain during surgery. -
Found penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. Before penicillin was discovered people died of some of todays curable illnesses like pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning.
-
Discovered conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Determined the mind and body work together. This lead to an understanding of physical illness cause by emotional conflict. Basic psychology
-
Discovered sulfonamide compounds. These were the first medications effective in killing bacteria.
-
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus caused people to be paralyzed. He discovered the vaccine.
-
Used a live polio virus vaccine, which was more effective. This vaccine is used today to immunize babies against the disease.
-
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA, based on its known double helix. Their model explained how it replicates.
-
Performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968.
-
Continues to be a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing surgeries on the brain to stop seizures.
-
-
The ability to reattach severed body parts
-
The ability to transplant organs from and donor to a recipient
-
The advancement in caring for the unborn fetus.
-
The ability to use noninvasive techniques for diagnosis.
-
The possibility of eliminating disabling disease through genetic research.