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As an early pioneer of educating those with special needs, Jean worked to teach Victor basic words and proved one who is devlopmentally delayed can in fact learn
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At the time was called: American Asylum for the Deaf & Dumb. Today such terms are not socially acceptable. He used the French method of manual communication to teach the students
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As a Massachusetts State legislature, he toured poor houses and jails and witnessed the deplorable conditions in which the mentall ill were existing in.
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These were some of the first advocacy groups for those with disabilities. There purspose was/is to advocate for the rights of those with special needs.
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Social circumstances enhanced public awareness of people with disabilities...
Upon returning home from WWI, disabled veterans were in need of assistance. These Acts helped establish vocational rehabilitation for soldiers through job training and counseling. -
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Another social circumstance that brought to the forefront the need for equalilty in education...
While Brown v. BOE initially referred to the rights of black students, it eventually became the premise to provide and equal edcuation to all students! -
President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized the ESEA in 1965 as a means to provide funding and equal access to public education for students of poverty. Money was/is slated to be used for professional development, instructional materials, student resources, and parent involvement but forbade adopting a national curriculum.
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PARC filed a class action law suit on behalf of students with disabilities who were being excluded from public schools. Created 4 principles that would become the foundation for IDEA:
1. all children can learn (zero-reject principle) 2. SWD should be taught alongside their peers (LRE), 3. due process must be followed in all placements (14th Amendment) 4. students must be provided an appropriate education within their capacity to learn (IEPs, related services) -
Mills expanded PARC to include ALL children-not just those with disabilities...required schools to provide a free appropriate education despite the child's disability or the expense of providing the service.
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...was enacted to prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability in any programs/activities, public or private, that receive federal assistance
Bragdon v. Abbott created a 3 part test to determine if one qualifies for relief under 504 (students may not receive 504 services if they are receive IDEA services).
1. plaintiff must prove they suffer from a disability
2. must identify the major life activity they are unable to access
3. must show that the impairment substantially limits the activi -
Adopted 6 tenets/principles that must be utilized by public schools receiving federal funds:
1. FAPE (BOE v. Rowley 182)
2. IEP
3. sped services (Timothy v. Rochester, 1989)
4. related services (Irving v. Tatro)
5. due process (Mills v. BOE)
6. LRE (Beth v. Van Clay, 2002) -
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Burden of Proof is placed upon plaintiff
