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Brown vs. Board of Education
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that public schools should not be segregated. Thurgood Marshall argued that separate schools for whites and blacks were unequal and violated equal protection under the fourteenth amendment. On May 14, 1954, Chief Justice Warren was able to bring all of the justices together and vote unanimous that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment -
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is designed to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in programs and activities that receive Federal funding. The U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) enforces Section 504 in public elementary and secondary schools.
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Inclusion Movement
The integration of special education students into general education classrooms. With the continuing development of legislation involving schools, the definition of inclusion is becoming more broad and including ethnic and economic backgrounds as well. Therefore teachers who are culturally responsible can base their learning experiences on the cultural realities of the student. -
Mainstreaming Students with Disabilities
In the 1980s, the mainstreaming model began with minor disability students being integrated into a regular classroom whereas students with major disabilities were placed in a segregated classroom with an opportunity to be placed in a regular classroom for a few hours each day. -
Regular Education Initiative (REI)
A concept created by former Assistant Secretary of Education Madeline Will. The concept was designed to merge special education and regular education into one solitary system. It also created the Co-teaching model that includes the general education teacher and special education teacher. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Originally passed as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHCA) in 1990, it was designed to allow students to receive special education related services and supplemental services. In 2004, Congress reauthorized IDEA and most recently amended the act through public law 114-95, the Every Student Succeeds Act, in December 2015.
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No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
NCLB was passed by Congress and signed by President George W. Bush on Jan. 8, 2002. It replaced the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. The NCLB was developed because there was a growing concern about the American education system was no longer internationally competitive. On December 2015, NCLB was replaced by the Every Student Succeeds Act.
