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18th century - Individuals with certain disabilities were considered possessed or cursed.
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Charles Michel L'Epeé founded the 1st public school for people with disabilities in France. Mainly focussed on education for the deaf and the blind.
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Jean Itard - Also known as The Father of Special Education.
Developed a student centered approach emphasizing the individual child. -
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) publishes "Emile" a book about teaching children "at their own pace."
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Valentin Haüy, founded the "Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles." The 1st school for blind people.
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Special education becomes more palpable.
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Rev. Thomas Gallaudet - 1st school for the deaf, called American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. Now known as The American School for The Deaf.
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Samuel Gridley Howe - Founded the 1st school for blind children. Today called The Perkins School for The Blind.
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-New things begin to happen. Other states also started opening other institutions to educate disabled children.
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Now the states' were responsible to provide institutions for the special children.
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Department of Special Education was created
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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, created the standard intelligence test to identify mentally retarded children.
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Lewis Terman - renames the test to "Stanford-Binet scale"
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All states recognized that all citizens have the right to education.
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Elizabeth Farrell - Founded
CEC - Council for Exceptional Children -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed - providing funds for proper environment for children with disabilities.
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Two cases started a revolution in Special Education: the case of the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
-For free and appropriate public education. -
Mills vs District of Columbia Board of Education.
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Public Law 94-142: "people with disabilities have the right to free and appropriate public education , in a least restrictive environment; it also required IEP, and all people with disabilities had a right to fair due process.
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IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act- rights for people with disabilities in the work environment, as well as in public transportation, and telecommunications.
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Inclusion education becomes more accepted
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Congress states that special education is designated to meet students' unique needs
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RTI - Responses to Intervention (Multitier system of support)
given to students before they are provided with special education services. -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) - President Obama
-This bipartisan measure reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national education law and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity for all students.