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Juvenile Probation
Between 1819 and the middle 1840s "child savers" were taking in children and housed them if their parents had died, or the children were runaways. The law did not recognize these women, and not all but some were further expoliting the children. -
Comonwealth v. Chase
In the case of Commonwealth v. Chase, Judge Peter Oxenbridge Thacher released the defendant Jerusha Chase with her word that she would return to her next scheduled court appearance. This was the beginning of release on recognizance, the early years of probation. ROR was a device of preventive justice that was the persons word that they would behave until their next appearance and show up for court. -
Probation Begins
John Augustus, also known as the "Father of Probation" is recognized as the first probation officer. He began his career in probation by bailing out a "common drunkard". He convinced the court that if he could take him under his wing, he would make sure he came to his court apperancce sober, and 3 weeks later he did. -
From 1 to many
John Augustus went from taking one drunkard under his wing, to bailing out 1,946 people by 1858.1,152 males and 794 females. The total bond amount was $19,464 dollars with additional fines and cost of $2,417.65. There were only 10 of these 1,946 who ended up forfeiting thier bond. During this time Mr. Augustus also came up with the investigative process of probation that we still use today. He came up with the term probation which is from the Latin word probare meaning to prove or to test. -
The first official proabtion officer
John Augustus was not a court appointed probation officer, in fact it was something he created on his own. His ideas seemed to work however and in 1878 the Mayor of Boston decided to appoint the "first official probation officer". He was a former police officer, Mr. Savage became the first appointed and paid proabtion officer. -
Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899
The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 legally established a juvenile system. There hopes were to stop the mistreatment of some of these children who had found themselves in the wrong homes. Some of the "child savers" were abusing them, inslaving them and also selling them for labor. This courts belief was that childrens behavior was the product of poor surroundings and a bad family backround. The idea to keep children out of adult court is also something that we still use today. -
Casework Model 1900-1970
1900-1970 Casework Model: A community supervision philosphy that allowed the officer to create thereapeutic relationships with clients through counseling and directly assisting in behavior modification to assist them in living productively in the community. -
Federal Probation
By 1925 there had been 34 unsuccessful attempts at passing a law that would allow federal judges to grant probation. They began in 1909, and finally in 1925 the bill was sent to President Coolidge and he signed the National Probation Act. In doing this each federal district court was able to appoint 1 salaried probation officer. They only had an annual income of $2,600 dollars, but for 1925 that was not bad. -
Juvenile Facts cont
to intervene in cases where it is in the best interest of the child. John Augustus had volunteer successors who were imortant in the development of juvenile probation in the US. Rufus R. Cook, Miss L.P. Burnham, and Lucy L. Flower. These are just a few of the names who were influential in this still existing process. -
More Juvenile Facts
By 1925, 46 states, 3 territories, and the Disttrict of Columbia all had juvenile courts. The two main thoughts that helped spread these courts so fast was: recognition that level of intent for youth is different than adults and the state might need to intervene as a protector in the best interest of the child. This term called parens patriae is a latin term meaning that the government acts as a "substitute parent" and allows the court to intervene in cases where it is in the best interest of.. -
Brokerage of Service Model: 1970-1980
Supervision that involves indentifying the needs of probationers or parolees and referring them to an appropriate community agency. They needed more mental health, empoloyment, housing, education, more specialized help. This was important because it is similar to today, you don't hire a lawyer to mow your grass, this was the best approach for specialized help. -
Community Corrections Act
The Community Corrections Act was enacted in Minnesota, and now exist in 28 states. This is a formal written agreement between the state governement and local entities for the state to fund counites to implement and operate community corrections programs on a local level. -
Justice Model: 1980-2000
The correctional practice based on the concept of just deserts and even handed punishment. THe justice model calls for fairness in criminal sentencing, in that all people convicted of a similar offense will receive a like sentence.It regards a sentence of probation not as an alternative to imprisonment but as a valid sanction in itself.
