Timeline: HISTORY OF MUSIC

Period: 600 to 800

Gregorian chant

We call it Gregorian chant in honour of Pope "Gregory the Great", the first compiler. The main characteristics:
-Monophonyc texture, without accompaniment.
-Modal scales and is in free time.
-The text is in Latin with a religious theme.
-Performed by male voices
The first symbols were called neumes and they were written on top of the words to show the changes of pitch.
A neumatic notational system was use on a four-line stave.
Is classified in:
-Syllabic.
-Neumatic.
-Mellismatic.

Period: 800 to 802

Liturgical polyphony

A second voice was added to plainsong and polyphony was born.
Mensural notation included the first symbols related to metre and assigned different note values depending on the duration of the note.
The main liturgical polyphonic forms were:
-Organum: The main voice was a Gregorian melody and a second, parallel voice was added.
-Discantus: A new voice was added that moved in contrary motion.
-Conductus: It was a new composition for two to four voices. Same text, same rhythm and syllabic style.

Period: 800 to 801

Secular vocal music

It passed on orally, characteristics:
-Monophonic texture, with instrumental accompainment.
-Modal scales and rhytmic modes.
-Designed for fun or entertainment.
-Written in vernacular.
-Performed by male and female voices.
Musicians who played this were called misntrels, two functions:
-Some performed in village and city squares.
-Court minstrels were part of the court in palaces.
Goliards were wandering clerics or mendicant students.
The songs of the minstrels were called songbooks.

Period: 992 to 1179

Important musicians

-Guido d'Arezzo (992-1050)
Was a teacher in the cathedral school in Arezzo. He created the four line-stave.
-Hildegardvon Bingen (1098-1179)
Was a German nun,writer,scientist and composer. She composed a total of 78 liturgical pieces of music for her congregation. She said that singing was a manifestion of the divine spirit of humanity

Period: 1453 to 1789

Renaissance textures

Imitative counterpoint: Type of polyphonic texture with seveal independent melodic lines. The symplest text of imitative counterpoint is the canon.
Homorhytmic homophony: Here several indepemdemt melodic lines are played simultaneously.these are similar.
Melody-dominated homophony: There is a main melodic line that can be identified clearly. The other parts perform the harmonic accompaniment.

Period: 1453 to 1789

Religious vocal music

Three main forms:
-Motet: This form became more important, religious and included more parts.
-Mass: It was a long composition with liturgical texts, written in Latin.
-Chorale: It was the most common musical form in the protestant liturgy and it was based on pre-existing melodies sung in vernacular with a simple texture.

Period: 1453 to 1789

Secular vocal music

The madrigal was the dominant form
In England , numerous songs for one vooice with instrumental accompaniment were written.
In France, the same form for several voices with instrumental accompaniment was very popular.
In Spain, the main characteristics of secular vocal music were lyrics in Spanish and strong rhytms. Main forms:
-Romance: Based on popular ballads that told both true and fictional stories.
-Villancico: It also had popular origins.
-Ensalada: Was a combination of different forms.

Period: 1453 to 1789

Instrumental forms:

-Compositions based on vocal music: Instrumentalists used these as a base for instrumental works.
-Compositions with an improvisational feel: Composers started to write down any brief improvised pieces that were of good musical quality.
-Variations: It consisted of the exposition of a short musical theme followed by some variations on it.

Period: 1453 to 1789

Renaissance dances

Popular dances became court dances.
The dances were usually comnined in twos.
Music for dancing became a specific type of Renaissance instrumental composition. There was no improvisation. The dances had defined rhythms and the musical phrases were short, regular and whit clear breaks.
One of the best-known combinations of dances was the pavane and the galliard. Another combination was the branleand the sarabande, but there were many others combinations

Period: 1600 to 1750

Basso continuo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTGVOvTv0zE
An instrument of a high register performed the meoldy, accompanied by this base.

Period: 1600 to 1750

Instrumental music 2

Aerophones:
-Flute:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6Ts2z9tXg8 starts at 2:25
-Oboe:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnwDlLIac_A starts at 3:05
-Bassoon:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls-bij2qMT4 starts at 2:36
-Trumpet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls-bij2qMT4 starts at 2:25
The baroque orchestra
Divided in:
-Basso continuo
-Strings
-Wind
-Percussion

Period: 1600 to 1750

Instrumental music 3

Instrumental forms:
-The fugue: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVadl4ocX0M
It has just one movement.
-The suite: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k5MYQgs2Dw
It consisted of a series of various dances.
-The sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UatJgTCbWSw
It consisted on four movements.
-The concerto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zekP39Da3E
It consisted on three contrasting movements.

Period: 1600 to 1750

Vocal music 2

·Religious vocal music:
Continues being important. Parts from the past are still being used at this time, like the mass or the motet. In addition , polychoralysm started to be used more.
·New dramatic vocal forms:
-Oratorio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__gnmuzq6HI
-Cantata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwWL8Y-qsJg
-Passion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jh9V0G0HE70 listen only a parte of it, not entire.

Period: 1600 to 1750

Baroque period

This period started with the appearance of opera in about 1600 and ended with the death of Johann Sebastian Bachin 1750. Characterisitics:
-Arouse emotions and make musical performances spectacular.
-Contrasting elements.
-Based on diatonic scales.
-Insistent , mechanical rhythm, with strong, repeated beats.
-Predominant texture was melody-dominated .

Period: 1600 to 1750

Vocal music 1

·Opera: Secular vocal form that aimed to revive clasical Greek theatre.
A libretto contains the text of an opera.
Opera seria: dramatic opera.
Opera buffa: Comic opers.
·Parts of an opera:
-Instrumental parts:
Overture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJBJk_xIQE4
Interlude: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YywEHkY79y4
-Vocal and instruments:
Recitative:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J1qJCJMpB8
Aria: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-hCC3DdRaQ
Chorus:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usfiAsWR4qU

Period: 1600 to 1750

Instrumental music 1

Types of instruments:
·Chordophones:
-Violin:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYCw9Ws86gI
-Viola: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2u2lSm-MFZE starts at 1:07
-Cello:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4EDfih2YpM starts at 2:28
-Double bass:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghTU85okWvA
-Baroque guitar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfVZRevRKv8
·Membranophones:
-Kettledurms:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgV-b6EpfoA

Period: 1730 to 1820

Classical music period characteristics

-Balanced without excessive ornamentation.
-It aimed to find a musical language.
-It used musical forms with well-defined structures.
-It emphasised the meoldy.
-The use of a simple harmony.
-The use of melody-dominated homophony

Period: 1730 to 1820

Instrumental music 2 (Instrumental forms)

-Sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Tr0otuiQuU; performed by one or two soloists
-Trio, quartet, quintet, etc.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Uu0a8nJqa8; Composed for different chamber ensembles.
-Symphony:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLT55kPIFCo; performed by the orchestra.
-Concerto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JmprpRIsEY dont listen all. Performed by a soloist and the orchestra.

Period: 1730 to 1820

Instrumental music (the orchestra)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfxW1RmdLt8
An orchestra conductor was needed and larger concert halls were built to suit the new orchestral ensembles.

Period: 1730 to 1820

The classical period in Spain

-Juan Crisostomo de Arriaga Because of his early talent was known as the "Spanish Mozart".
-Fernando sor was well known for his works for guitar.
-The Capilla Real de Madrid was the largest musical ensemble of the period. The Italian influence was especially clear in opera: Companies were always performing Italian operas and composer like Vicente Martín y Soler wrote many operas in Italian style.

Period: 1730 to 1820

Music in the classical period

Is the music composed in the classical period.
The most important composer were Franz Joseph Haydn https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/h/haydn.htm; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/mozart/ and Ludwig van Beethoven https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/beethoven.htm

Period: 1730 to 1820

Instrumental music 1

Woodwind instruments
-Clarinet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yyJF58Zw7g&list=PL3n1dQW6ewodcMnnv8_upgsKPdPRizhwx accompanied of a piano. It has a single reed mouthpiece and keys.
-French horn: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK0UFgnrIqY . It has a conical mouthpiece anda a long tube curled into a circular shape.
-Piano: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9E6b3swbnWg . It is a keyboard instrument.

Period: 1730 to 1820

Vocal music

The reform of the opera:
-The plots were a closer reflection of the lives of the audience.
-The music reflected the dramatic action and the characters.
-The chorus became more relevant.
-The orchestra grew and became more important.
·Opera Seria: Mainly represented by Christoph Willibald Gluck https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/g/gluck.htm
·Opera Buffa: Its aim was to entertain an audience who didnt need to have musical Knowledge.
·Religious vocal music: Was in gradual decline. Requiem.

Period: 1820 to 1910

Music in the romantic period

Characteristics:
-Free from Classical rules and express emoticonos
-Aiming for virtuosity
-Making the melody antes important means of expression
-Using a wider vocabulary on scores yo show precise chances un dinamics, tempo and characteristics
-Melody-dominated homophony
-Appearing in small musical forms designes for smaller venues
-Aiming for unity in the Pierce of music

Period: 1820 to 1910

Instrumental music 1

Woodwind
-Bass clarinet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qzAi7JoKGE
-contrabassoon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVAe7YBUc6c
-English horn: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjoPMmQ-1Fo
-Saxophone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJB4-PjRxyA
Brass
-Trombone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ahWiS--CUU
-Tuba: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYOsNp4O7AU
Percussion
-Gong:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vakil-3EqQY
-Bass drum:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55ISUhExonc

Period: 1820 to 1910

Instrumental music 2

Percussion
-Triangle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBH1ud7Rgec
-Snare drum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjXpuNqPPtE
-Marimba: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSmt-BNM5OU
-Cymbals: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcS4w3fsSsg
-Celesta: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10B3e3k6CVs Compositions for piano
The piano was the most important Romantic instrument
-Short pieces for solo piano: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWpHS7t4IkM
-Chamber music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KoTfvaaiFc

Period: 1820 to 1910

Instrumental music 3

-Longer works: These works Included concertos for piano and orchestra. Symphonic Orchestra
-Symphony orchestra appeared in the romantic period.
-The symphony and the concerto stood out.
-Programme music aims to describe a programme by extra-musical elements.
-Programme symphony: A composition with a descriptive character consisting of several movements
-Symphonic poem: Designed to be performed by an orchestra

Period: 1820 to 1910

Vocal music

Period: 1820 to 1910

Musical nationalism

-Russia: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five
-Hungary: Bela Bartok and he created ethnomusicology
-Spain: Felipe Pedrell

Period: 1832 to 1910

Romantic dance and ballet

The ballet's start was marked by La Sylphide in 1832.
Court dances were substituted for ballroom dances and example is the waltz:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csZj-jRds38

Period: 1900 to 1950