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German Schools operating In Phildelphia
Bilingualism commom among working and middle class. Many Congressional documents published in German and French. (Diaz-Rico, 2012, pg. 118 -
Cherokee Language Rights
The Cherokee tribe are alowed to educate their children bilinguallyEnglish-Cherokee, and would eventually establish a system of 21 schools across the nation.(Diaz-Rico, 2012, pg. 116 -
Federal Government forces Native American children to attend off reservation, English only schools.
Children are forced to be educated in English and were punished for using their native language(pg. 117) -
English Citizenship law passed
First national requirement passed for people who wished to become US citizens. -
Civil Rights Act Title VI
Grants all students the right to equal education. Cannt be denied based on race, skin color, national orgin, or the ability to speak English.(pg. 121.) -
Lau vs Nichols
Chinese -English speaking parents sue SanFrancisco Unified Schools for forcing students to be educated only in English. This would lead to a supreme court ruling that non English speaking students deserved the same rights as their English speaking peers to gain "meaningful education." (pg.121 -
Lau Remedies
"School districts that have more than 5% national-orgin minority students must offer special language instruction for students with a limited command of English."(pg 119). Simply stated, districts with more than 5% of children of the average minority need to offer ELD programs for their students so they can have a better understanding of English -
Williams et al. v. State of California et al.
A group headed by Elizer Willams sues California claiming that poor school conditions were depraving students of a quality education. The courts ruled that districts have a "uniform process" for dealing with complaints of under trained teachers, school conditions, etc. (pg. 125 -
Title III No Child Left Behind
Federal funds provided for schools that support English Language Learners