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A hollow rock or shell was filled with moss or other natural objects that were soaked with animal fat and ignited.
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Early things that were used were olive oil, beeswax, fish oil, whale oil, sesame oil, nut oil, and similar substances. Later they stopped using these and started drilling for petroleum.
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The first commercial usage of the gas lamp was when William Murdoch used coal gas for lighting his house in Redruth, Cornwall.
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The oil lamp was a big improvement for the lamp design and the fuel source was more concealed and easier to control.
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A carbon arc lamp works by hooking two carbon rods to a source of electricity. Sir Humphrey Davy invented the carbon are lamp.
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Sir Joseph Swann of England and Thomas Edison both invented the first electric incandescent lamps. Electricity flows through the filament in the bulb.
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Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Alva Edison did not "invent" the first lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. For example, two inventors that patented an incandescent light bulb before Thomas Edison did were Henry Woodward and Matthew Evan.