-
Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin discovers a distinct collection of cells within the pancreas. These cells would later be called the Islets of Langerhans.
-
Von Mering disproved Claude Bernard's liver theory when he found that removing the pancreas caused diabetes.
-
Oscar Mikowski and Joseph Von Mering remove the pancreas from a dog to study the effects of digestion. Sugar is found in the dogs urging after flies were noticed to be feeding off the urine.
-
Eugene Opie discovers that the Islets of Langerhans produce insulin and that the destruction of these cells resulted in diabetes
-
Fedrick Banting, an unsuccessful orthopedic surgeon, discovers insulin.
-
The first patient, Leonard Thompson (14 yrs old) with type 1 diabetes is given the first medical administration of insulin. He lived another 13 years.
-
Eli Lilly becomes first insulin manufacturer
-
-
Protamine zinc insulin was introduced
-
-
Insulin is sequenced by Frederick Sanger, and is the first protein to be fully sequenced. Also received the Nobel Prize for discovering the composition of the crystallized insulin.
-
The scientific investigation of diabetes was improved by this technique, carried out by Solomon Berson and Rosalind Yalow.
-
-
Three dimensional structure of insulin molecule was discovered by Dorothy Hodgin.
-
Insulin is then the first human protein manufactured through biotechnology, using bacteria to grow the insulin protein by a company called Genentech.
-
Synthetic insulin is named 'human insulin' marking it as distinct from insulin derived from animals. Human insulin has the advantage of being less likely to create an allergic reaction than animal insulin. Manufactured by Eil Lilly, Humulin becomes widely available through the 1980s.
-
Eli Lilly markets it under the trade name Humalog. Analogue insulin is a genetically modified form of insulin whereby the amino acid sequence is altered to change how the insulin is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted.
-
An inhalants insulin is now available.
