History of Higher Education

  • University of Bologna Founded
    1088

    University of Bologna Founded

    Considered one of, if not THE oldest University models in the world. It helped to establish the concept of academic autonomy and the granting of degrees.
  • University of Paris Established
    1150

    University of Paris Established

    Became one of the template university models in all of Europe, and heavily influenced Oxford and Cambridge.
  • University of Oxford Established
    1167

    University of Oxford Established

    Rapid growth after students were banned from attending University of Paris. Quickly become one of the most structured, respected and influential universities.
  • University of Cambridge
    1209

    University of Cambridge

    Students originally from Oxford who settled in Cambridge to form a new school. Helped establish "Oxbridge.”
  • Parens Scientiarum
    1231

    Parens Scientiarum

    A papal bull issued by Pope Gregory IX that granted the University of Paris the right to self-govern and strike. It is essentially the "Magna Carta" of university academic freedom and autonomy.
  • Harvard Founded

    Harvard Founded

    The first institution of higher learning in the colonies, established by the Massachusetts Bay Colony to train clergy.
  • Harvard's Charter

    Harvard's Charter

    Established the President and Fellows of Harvard College as the governing body. The Harvard Corporation remains the oldest chartered corporation in the Western Hemisphere still in existence.
  • College of William & Mary Founded

    College of William & Mary Founded

    Founded by Royal Charter to educate Anglican ministers and move higher education beyond the Puritan stronghold of Boston.
  • The Great Awakening

    The Great Awakening

    The Great Awakening sparked a race among religious denominations to establish their own colleges (Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth).
  • Benjamin Franklin's Proposals

    Benjamin Franklin's Proposals

    Franklin argued for a practical curriculum over the traditional classical model. This vision directly led to the founding of the Academy of Philadelphia (later UPenn).
  • United States Military Academy Established

    United States Military Academy Established

    West Point was established by Thomas Jefferson to create a domestic corps of engineers and officers. It represented the first significant federal involvement in higher education and technical training.
  • Dartmouth College Case

    Dartmouth College Case

    The Supreme Court ruled that a college charter is a private contract that the state cannot arbitrarily alter. This decision secured the survival and autonomy of private colleges against state takeover.
  • The Yale Report

    The Yale Report

    A defense of the classical curriculum against calls for practical reform.
  • Oberlin College Founded

    Oberlin College Founded

    Oberlin was the first college in America to adopt a policy to admit students regardless of race and the first to grant degrees to women.
  • Mount Holyoke College Established

    Mount Holyoke College Established

    Founded as a female seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts. It is the oldest of the “Seven Sisters” of historic all-women’s colleges.
  • The German Influence

    The German Influence

    American scholars studying in Germany brought back the German university model to the United States, prioritizing research, graduate studies, and academic freedom.
  • Land Grant Act

    Land Grant Act

    The Morrill Land Grant Act was federal legislation that granted public land to states to finance colleges.
  • Johns Hopkins University Established

    Johns Hopkins University Established

    The first true U.S. university modeled entirely on the German research ideal, emphasizing graduate study and the PhD.
  • The Second Morrill Act

    The Second Morrill Act

    Led to the founding and funding of many public HBCUs, particularly in the South.
  • AAU Founded

    AAU Founded

    Essentially defined the “research university” and protected the coveted PhD.
  • Flexner Report

    Flexner Report

    Abraham Flexner's critique of medical schools and standardized medical training. The foundation also established the pension system (TIAA).
  • Student Army Training Corps

    Student Army Training Corps

    The federal government utilized college campuses to train officers and technicians for the war effort (WWI). It established the precedent for direct federal funding and utilization of universities for national defense.
  • GI Bill

    GI Bill

    Officially the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, it offered tuition and living expenses to returning WWII veterans. It opened up higher education to a significantly larger population beyond members of the elite class.
  • GI Bill in Action

    GI Bill in Action

    Enrollment exploded and forced the rapid construction of housing and expansion of facilities on campuses. It proved that mass higher education was economically viable and socially beneficial.
  • Truman Commission

    Truman Commission

    President Truman's commission declared that higher education should be available to all based on merit, not ability to pay.
  • Brown v. Board of Education

    Brown v. Board of Education

    The Supreme Court's landmark decision that separate is unequal slowly began the process of desegregation in schools.
  • National Defense Act

    National Defense Act

    Signed into law by President Eisenhower. This act invested federal money into STEM and provided funding for students.
  • Berkeley Free Speech Movement

    Berkeley Free Speech Movement

    One of the largest student protests and demonstrations at the time. Helped pave the way for many forms of student activism today.
  • Higher Education Act

    Higher Education Act

    Established the federal financial aid architecture we use today (grants, loans, work-study). It shifted the focus from funding institutions to funding individual students to ensure access.
  • Title IX

    Title IX

    Prohibited sex-based discrimination in any education program receiving federal funds. It opened the doors to professional and graduate schools for women.
  • FERPA

    FERPA

    The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act gave parents/family students over 18 control over their educational records.
  • Middle Income Student Assistance Act

    Middle Income Student Assistance Act

    Expanded federal student aid and changed BEOG to the federal Pell Grant, ensuring more access to loans and work study for students.
  • Bayh-Dole Act

    Bayh-Dole Act

    Established that universities, non-profits and small businesses could retain ownership for federally funded research projects they were involved in.
  • Americans with Disabilities Act

    Americans with Disabilities Act

    The ADA prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in areas like employment and public services.
  • Clery Act

    Clery Act

    Colleges and universities who receive federal aid are mandated to publicly disclose information about campus crime and safety policies.
  • Higher Education Act Reauthorization

    Higher Education Act Reauthorization

    President George H.W. Bush signed updates to the Higher Education Act that further expanded access to higher education, and additional forms of federal aid to students.
  • Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

    Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act

    Signed into law by President Bill Clinton, the legistration restricted both federal and state benefits to non-U.S. citizens, included undocumented students' access to federal financial aid.
  • Blackboard Learn Established

    Blackboard Learn Established

    The LMS used for the History of Higher Ed course was first established in 1997. Initially it was Blackboard Inc. until it merged with Anthology.
  • Digital Millennium Copyright Act

    Digital Millennium Copyright Act

    The DMCA provides exemptions that allow for limited uses of copyrighted works for teaching, research, and distance learning, which has reverberated throughout all of education.
  • Student and Exchange Visitor Information System

    Student and Exchange Visitor Information System

    One of the many systems that stemmed from the Patriot Act following the 9/11 attacks in 2011. SEVIS tracks and monitors all international and exchange students in the United States.
  • edX

    edX

    Originally founded by Harvard and MIT, it is a massive open online course provider that helped popularize online learning. It evolved from MITx and other platforms before it in the mid-2000s.
  • COVID-19 Pandemic

    COVID-19 Pandemic

    The global pandemic normalized remote learning across the United States, and turned software like Zoom into household names.
  • ChatGPT Launch

    ChatGPT Launch

    OpenAI publicly launched ChatGPT, ushering in the early stages of the Intelligence Revolution. While its lasting impact has yet to be determined, many colleges and universities have already adopted AI policies.