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Benjamin Thompson or Count Rumford
Thompson attempted to assess how much heat was produced by a given amount of motion. He was the first scientist to measure the mechanical equivalent of heat (MEH). This would later become known as the heat capacity or thermal capacity. He also made detailed studies of nutrition, and came up with a recipe for the perfect army soup. Awarded Count title in 1791 after saving town with the garden he grew the soup ingredients from. (Reference: https://www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-thompson/ ) -
Justin Smith Morrill
Born in Stafford, Vermont, in 1810. Shrewd and hardworking, Morrill built a successful retail business, gaining the financial independence that allowed him to retire at age 38. He turned to politics and, in 1854, won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. Served in Congress a record-setting 44 years and had chaired the Senate Finance Committee for 17 years—a record that still stands. (Reference:https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Justin_S_Morrill.htm ) -
Catharine Beecher
A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841),the first FACS text book recognized by the Department of Education, demonstrated her beliefs about women’s central role as mothers and educators, raising the next generation and creating a sanctuary for their families within the home. Mostly a handbook on women’s appropriate gender roles, she advocated self-sacrifice, modesty, along with childcare and cooking. (Reference:https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/catharine-esther-beecher) -
W.O Atwater
Born in 1844, he had a PhD in Chemistry from Yale University. He invented the Bomb Calorimeter, wrote nutrition bulletins at Richard’s request and is considered to be the “Father of Nutrition." (Reference: Slide 14 & 15 from 3456 Profession History powerpoint) -
Morrill Act of 1862
The Vermonter’ Justin Smith Morrill's greatest contribution during his 12 years in the House was the 1862 Land-Grant College Act or Morrill Act of 1862. Sensitive about his own lack of educational opportunities, he pioneered a program that dedicated revenues from the sale of 17 million acres of federal lands to establish public institutions of higher education in every state. (Reference: https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Justin_S_Morrill.htm ) -
Carolyn Hunt
Born in 1865, she received B.S. degree in chemistry from Northwestern in 1888. She conducted two important studies of immigrant and ethnic populations in Chicago. She also collected dietary histories and social & economic information. She had a study published by governmental departments. Attended several Lake Placid Conferences. (Reference: Slides 20 & 21 from 3456 Profession History powerpoint -
Lulu Graves
Born in 1874, she was a trailblazer within the nutrition and dietetics profession for all those who would follow. Graves holds the distinction of serving as the first President of the ADA. While she was in office. She was also an author, her work includes Modern Dietetics, Feeding the sick in hospital and home, and others. (Reference: https://www.eatrightfoundation.org/2021/03/remembering-lulu-graves-during-womens-history-month-her-legacy-and-the-academy-of-nutrition-and-dietetics-foundation/ ) -
Land Grant University
A land-grant university is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The mission of these institutions as set forth in the 1862 Act is to focus on the teaching of practical agriculture, science, military science, and engineering. Land grant's in AR; University of Arkansas Fayetteville and University of Arkansas Pine Bluff. (Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_university ) -
CF Langworthy
He was the co-editor of the Journal of Home Economics. He conducted metabolic tests and studied chemical composition of food. Richards wrote nutrition bulletins for his experimental stations. Charles Ford Langworthy was appointed W.O. Atwater’s assistant for nutrition investigations in 1893. (References: Slide 19 of 3456 Profession History powerpoint
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/oc/np/HistoryofHumanNutritionResearch/HistoryofHumanNutritionResearch.pdf ) -
Ellen Richards
She created the beginnings of school lunch program. She sold nutritious lunches at the 1894 Chicago World’s Fair (included nutritive value & cost per serving). She believed science could be used to improve health & well-being of people. (Reference: Slide 6-8 on 3456 Profession History powerpoint on BB) -
Lake Placcid Conference 1899
It was here that the leaders and advocates in the field discussed advances in home economics and developed the guiding principles of what home economics was and should be. The meetings were an important factor in determining what exactly home economics was, is and will be. This at least gave a starting guideline and target for which future home economists could aim. (Reference: https://www.sutori.com/item/1899-1909-lake-placid-conferences-these-were-a-series-of-ten-conferences-betwe ) -
Smith Level Act of 1914
The Smith-Lever Act created a nation-wide Extension system and directed the nation's land grant universities to oversee its work. This resulted in an Extension office in virtually every county in the United States. County home economics agents were appointed beginning in 1915. (Reference: https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/happy_birthday_100th_anniversary_of_smith_lever_act_and_msu_extension ) -
Smith Hughes Act of 1917
The Smith-Hughes Act, formally National Vocational Education Act, U.S. legislation, adopted in 1917, that provided federal aid to the states for the purpose of promoting precollegiate vocational education in agricultural and industrial trades and in home economics. (Reference:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Smith-Hughes-Act ) -
Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics was founded in 1917 in Cleveland, Ohio, by a group of women led by Lenna F. Cooper and the Academy's first president, Lulu G. Graves, who were dedicated to helping the government conserve food and improve public health during World War I. The organization's members are primarily registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) and nutrition and dietetic technicians, registered (NDTR). (Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics ) -
Vocational Education Act of 1963
The Vocational Education Act of 1963 provided grants to states to maintain, improve, and develop vocational-technical education programs. The funds were earmarked for occupations in demand. (Reference: https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/vocational-education ) -
Vocational Amendment of 1968
The Vocational Amendments in 1968 addressed the nation's social and economic problems and continued funding for students who were at risk or with disabilities. The STWOA supplied funding to states to connect education and careers for all students. States could apply for five-year grants. (Reference: https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2446/State-Departments-Education-VOCATIONAL-EDUCATION.html ) -
Vocational Amendment of 1973
This Act replaces preexisting laws to extend and revise the authorization of grants to States for vocational rehabilitation services, with special emphasis on services to those with the most severe disabilities, and to expand special Federal responsibilities and research and training programs with respect to individuals with disabilities. (Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973 ) -
Vocational Amendment of 1976
The 1976 Amendments to the Vocational Equity Act of 1963, required states receiving federal funding for vocational education to develop and carry out activities and programs to eliminate gender bias, stereotyping, and discrimination in vocational education. In addition there were provisions for displaced homemakers and provisions for bilingual education.
(Reference: https://w.taskstream.com/ts/blunk1/Unit419621983.html/fqhohq00flhwhshuh0h1hphlhw ) -
Carl Perkins Act
The Carl Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act (Perkins IV) was originally authorized in 1984, and most recently reauthorized in August 2006. The purpose was to provide individuals with the academic and technical skills needed to succeed in a knowledge and skills-based economy. Perkins supports career and technical education that prepares its students both for postsecondary education and the careers of their choice. (Reference: https://education.alaska.gov/cte/carlperkins ) -
Creation of FACS title
In 1994, the association, other organizations, and programs decided to change the name of the field to Family and Consumer Sciences from home economics to more accurately reflect the complexity of the profession. As times have changed, so have the issues and needs of daily living. And, the family and consumer sciences profession has evolved to meet the current challenges facing individuals, families, and communities. (Reference: https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/faqs#10 )