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https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/hole-in-the-head-trepanation/
In earlier years, an individual who acted abnormally was believed to be possessed by demons. Trepanation was a procedure used to allow the demons to exit the body. Essentially, a hole would be screwed into an individual's head to allow the demon to exit. Consent was not normally used and, in most cases, the patient would die. Trepanation began the road to research on humans. -
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After World War 2 when many individuals were violated due to experimentation in concentration camps, military personnel met in court to draft the Nuremburg Code. The Nuremburg Code set out a list of policies that must be followed in order to perform future experiments on humans.
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In the United States, every psychological research project that involves humans must coincide with the seven key areas of scrutiny. These include doing no harm, research design, informed consent, anonymity, deception, debriefing, and reporting results. https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/from-moral-principles-to-ethics-codes/#:~:text=The%20APA's%20Ethical%20Principles%20of,then%2C%20most%20recently%20in%202002.
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Laud Humphreys pretended to be a member of a homosexual community to observe behavior in tearooms and bathrooms. Individuals who were observed did not know they were being monitored or that Humphrey was a researcher.
