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Arguments about role of technology go back at least 2500 years. Writting documents existed in considerable numbers in Ancient Greek.
But The King of Egypt believed writting will implant forgetfulness [ Phaedrus, 274c-275, translation adapted from Manguel, 1996] -
One of the earliest means of formal teaching [ through human speech] such as stories, folklore, histories and news were transmitted through oral communication.
For the Ancient Greeks, oratory and speech were the means by which people learned and passed on learning. [ Bates, 2019 , p. 215].
Homer`s Ilıad and The Odyssey were reactive poems of that time -
Slate boards were in use in Indıa.
Chalboards used in schools around 18th century. -
Invention of printing press in Europe in 15th century made written knowledge much more freely available as a result many more people in government and business were required to become literate and analytical, which led to rapid expansion of formal education in Europe.
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Improvements in transport infrasturcture and the creation of a cheap and reliable postal systems in the 1840`s led to the development of the first formal correspondence education, with the University of London offering an external degree program by correspondence from internal program in 1970. -
The British Broadcasting Corporation [ BBC] began broadcasting educational radio programs for schools in 1920.
The first adult education broadcast from the BBC in 1924 was a talk ın `` Insects in Relation to Man `` and in the same year , J.C. Stobart, the new director of Education at the BBC mused about ``A Broadcasting University`` in the journal Radio Times [ Robinson, 1982]. -
At the end of world war 2 , the US Army started using electronic projectors until it got replaced by software and most technologies used in education were not developed specifially for education but for other purposes [ mainly for military]. -
COMPUTER BASED LEARNİNG
Development of programmed learning aims to computerize teaching. [ Bates ,2019, p. 219 ]
B.F. Skinner started experimenting with teaching machines that made use of programmed learning in 1954 based on the theory of behaviorism. -
Televison was first used in education in the 1960`s.
In 1969, The British government established the Open University [ OU ] , which worked in partnership with the BBC to develop university programs. [ Bates,2019,P. 217]. -
The use of TV for education spread around the world, being seen in the 1970`s , by agencies like The World Bank and UNESCO -
As a panacea for education in developing countries the hopes for which quickly faded when the reality of lack of electricity , cost, security of publicly available equipment , climate, resistance from local teachers and local language ans culture issues became apparent. [ See for instance. Jamison and Klees 1973]
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At the University of Guelph in Canada , an off- the- shelf software system called CoSy was developed that allowed for online threaded group discussion forums -
Attemps to replicate the teaching process through artifical intelligence [AI] began with a focus initially on teaching aritmatics. -
India launched it`s own satellite INSAT, in 1983. Used it initailly for delivering locally produced educational television programs throughout the country in several indigenous languages, using Indian-designed recievers and television sets in local community centres as well as schools.[ Bates,1985] -
The Open University in The United Kingdom offered a course, DT200 , that used OU`s traditional media of printed texts, television programs and audio-cassets, also included online discussion component using CoSy.[ Baset,2019, p. 219] -
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The web enabled the development off the first learning management systems [ LMSs] such as WebCT [ which later became Blackboard].
The first fully online courses started to appear , some using LMS, others just loading text as PDFs or slides. -
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology [MIT] started making it`s recorded lectures available to the public. -
The Khan Academy started using youtube for educational clips. -
Apple created ITunesU to became a portal or a site where videos and vother digital materials on university teaching could be collected and downloaded free of charge by users. -
George Siemens , Stephen Downes and Dave Carmier in Canada were using web technology to create the first [ constructivist] Massive Open Online Course
[ MOOC]. -
Two Standford University professors launched a lecture-capture based MOOC an artificial intelligence attracting more than 100.000 students -
Bates Reference
Bates, A. W. (2015). Teaching in a digital age: Guidelines for designing teaching and learning. Tony Bates Associates Ltd.