-
30,000 BCE
Fire
The oldest unequivocal evidence, found at Israel's Qesem Cave, dates back 300,000 to 400,000 years, associating the earliest control of fire with Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. Now, however, an international team of archaeologists has unearthed what appear to be traces of campfires that flickered 1 million years ago. -
7000 BCE
Alcohol
In chemistry, organic chemical compounds that contain a hydroxyl group in substitution of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a carbon atom are called alcohol. Alcohol -
1700 BCE
King Hammurabi's reign over Babylon
Known metals were recorded and listed in conjunction with heavenly bodies.Hammurabi's Code was once considered the oldest promulgation of laws in human history, though older, shorter law collections have since been found. -
460 BCE
Democritus of ancient Greece
Democritus proclaims the atom to be the simplest unit of matter. All matter was composed of atoms. Leucippus, are widely regarded as the first atomists in the Grecian tradition. Although Democritus reportedly wrote over 70 treatises -
440 BCE
Atom
Leucippus and Democritus propose the idea of the atom, an indivisible particle that makes up all matter. However, his concept is widely rejected by the philosophers of nature in favor of the Aristotelian perception -
300 BCE
Aristotle of ancient Greece
Aristotle declares the existence of only four elements: fire, air, water and earth. All matter is made up of these four elements and matter had four properties: hot, cold, dry and wet. -
300 BCE
The Advent of the Alchemists
Influenced greatly by Aristotle's ideas, alchemists attempted to transmute cheap metals to gold. The substance used for this conversion was called the Philosopher's Stone. like harry potter omg -
1200
Failure of the Gold Business
Although Pope John XXII issued an edict against gold-making, the gold business continued. Despite the alchemists' efforts, transmutation of cheap metals to gold never happened within this time period. -
1520
Elixir of Life
Elixirs of life have assumed many forms throughout history, but in most legends they take the form of food or drink that grants the consumer immortal life. Some of the most popular ingredients used in ancient recipes include mercury, sulphur, iron, copper, and honey.find a chemical concoction that would enable people to live longer and cure all ailments. -
Polish Michal
The Polish Michal Sedziwój publishes the alchemy treatise A New Light of Alchemy that proposes the existence of "food of life" in the air, which would later be identified as oxygen -
Death of Alchemy
The disproving of Aristotle's four-elements theory and the publishing of the book, The Skeptical Chemist (by Robert Boyle), combined to destroy this early form of chemistry but failed. -
Phlogiston Theory Coulomb's Law
Johann J. Beecher believed in a substance called phlogiston. When a substance is burned, phlogiston was supposedly added from the air to the flame of the burning object. In some substances, a product is produced. For example, calx of mercury plus phlogiston gives the product of mercury. Charles Coulomb discovered that given two particles separated by a certain distance, the force of attraction or repulsion is directly proportional. -
Hydrogen.
Henry Cavendish discovers a colorless, odorless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air; it's about hydrogen. -
Joseph Priestley
the first drinkable, man made glass of carbonated water was created by Englishmen, Dr. Joseph Priestley. Three years later, the Swedish chemist, Torbern Bergman, invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. -
Disproving of the Phlogiston Theory
The prevailing theory was that flammable materials contained a substance called “phlogiston” (from the Greek word for burn) that was released during combustion.Antoine Lavoisier disproved the existence of phlogiston and helped to form the basis of modern chemistry using Joseph Priestley's discovery of oxygen -
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter was composed of atoms, indivisible and indestructible building blocks. While all atoms of an element were identical, different elements had atoms of differing size and mass. -
Anesthetics
In the old days, if someone needed a medical operation, the only feasible way to alleviate the pain was to drink alcohol and pray that it would go well. It was not until the mid-19th century that everything changed as William Morton, an amateur dentist and chemist, discovered that animals fainted after inhaling sulfuric ether. -
Vacuum Tube
A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. -
Plastic
The first person to create an artificial plastic was Alexander Parkes, in 1855, and he gave it the name of parkesina. Parkes intended this plastic to be used as a waterproof coating for cloth garments. -
Stanislao Cannizzaro
Stanislao Cannizzaro, using Avogadro's ideas about diatomic molecules, compiled a table of atomic weights and presented it at the Karlsruhe Congress that year, thus ending decades of problematic arrangements of atomic weights and molecular formulas, as well as precede Dmitri Mendeleev's discovery of the periodic table. -
Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur is the man who has been given the honor of finding out, because he linked heat to the death of bacteria. Today, it is definitely the most famous discovery in this discipline, and its name and biography are associated with its scientific origin. -
Cathode Rays
Cathode rays (also called an electron beam or an e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes. If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, the glass opposite the negative electrode is observed to glow from electrons emitted from the cathode. By William Crookes -
The Proton
A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol. p. or. p + , with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and a mass slightly less than that of a neutron.Eugene Goldstein discovered positive particles by using a tube filled with hydrogen gas -
X-rays
Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered x-rays while researching the glow produced by cathode rays. Roentgen performed his research on cathode rays within a dark room and during his research, he noticed that a bottle of barium platinocyanide was glowing on a shelf. -
Marie Curie
s also one of the most important figures in chemistry, since she literally gave her life to carry out her research One of his main contributions was to discover many new elements that were added to Mendelev's periodic table, and ironically he received the Nobel Prize for these studies, something that who created the periodic table did not achieve. -
Pitchblend
Henri Becquerel was studying the fluorescence of pitchblend when he discovered a property of the pitchblend compound. Pitchblend gave a fluorescent light with or without the aid of sunlight. -
The Electron and Its Properties
J.J. Thomson placed the Crookes' tube within a magnetic field. He found that the cathode rays were negatively charged and that each charge had a mass ratio of 1.759E8 coulombs per gram. J.J. Thomson placed the Crookes' tube within a magnetic field. He found that the cathode rays were negatively charged and that each charge had a mass ratio of 1.759E8 coulombs per gram. -
Radioactive Elements
Marie Curie discovered uranium and thorium within pitchblend. She then continued to discover two previously unknown elements: radium and polonium. These two new elements were also found in pitchblend. She received two nobel prizes for her discovery; one was in chemistry while the other was in physics. -
Mass of the Electron
Electron, lightest stable subatomic particle known. It carries a negative charge of 1.602176634 × 10−19 coulomb, which is considered the basic unit of electric charge. Robert Millikan discovered the mass of an electron by introducing charged oil droplets into an electrically charged field. The charge of the electron was found to be 1.602E-19 coulombs. -
Three Types of Radioactivity
Ernest Rutherford sent a radioactive source through a magnetic field. Some of the radioactivity was deflected to the positive plate; some of it was deflected to the negative plate; and the rest went through the magnetic field without deflection. Thus, there were three types of radioactivity: alpha particles (+), beta particles (-) and gamma rays (neutral). -
Haber-Bosch process
This process is one of the most important discoveries in the history of human civilization. The process has allowed agriculture to quadruple in efficiency, meaning that without it there would be four times more farmland worldwide, and it has been the discovery that has allowed human population growth over the last century. -
Protons within a Nucleus
Henry Moseley attempts to use x-rays to determine the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom. He was unsuccessful because the neutron had not been discovered yet. -
Frederick Soddy
Frederick Soddy FRS was an English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. -
Penicillin
Alexander Fleming, the Scottish physician, pharmacologist and bacteriologist, was conducting some experiments in his laboratory. He had been growing a certain bacteria in a Petri dish when he realized that one of his samples had contracted a mold. -
The Neutron
Neutron Bombardment and Nuclear Fission the neutron is one of the two constituent parts of an atomic nucleus. The neutron can be treated as a proton that has lost its electrical charge. -
Neutron Bombardment and Nuclear Fission
Enrico Fermi bombards elements with neutrons and produces elements of the next highest atomic number. Nuclear fission occurred when Fermi bombarded uranium with neutrons. He received the 1938 Nobel Prize in physics. -
Artificial Radioactive Elements
Irene Curie and Frederic Joliot-Curie discovered that radioactive elements could be created artificially in the lab with the bombardment of alpha particles on certain elements. They were given the 1935 Nobel Prize. -
Manhattan Project
Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi both warned the United States about Germany's extensive research on atomic fission reaction. Below the football field at the University of Chicago, the United States developed the very first working nuclear fission reactor. The Manhattan Project was in process. -
Dimitri Mendelev
And it is not for less, since it was this great scientist who discovered that chemical elements had a pattern that they followed in a very particular way when atoms were formed. Within his investigations, this man managed to accommodate all the elements to form the periodic table that we know today. -
Mario Molina
research on atmospheric chemistry and the prediction of the thinning of the ozone layer as a consequence of the emission of certain industrial gases. Likewise, in his life he has been and continues to be part of multiple chemical groups and associations worldwide, his contributions to NASA being some of the most important. -
LCD screens
One of the most important discoveries in chemistry in the last half century has been the liquid crystal display, or LCD. While this may seem banal, think about it. Smartphones and social media have revolutionized our lives, but smartphones have only been made possible by LCD screens, a screen that is light, small, and can fit in your pocket. The culture in which we walk around with our phones and laptops all the time could not have thrived without this technology. -
Taxol
You may not have heard of Taxol, but you really should have - it is one of the most effective cancer treatments in the world. This medicine works by preventing cells from dividing, which ultimately leads to cell death. For cancer, whose cells divide remarkably very quickly, Taxol is like a poison. -
The human genome, deciphered
It was in 2003 when an international consortium made up of scientists from six countries deciphered, two years ahead of schedule, the complete sequence (99.99%) of the so-called book of life: the human genome. It was the culmination of the Human Genome Project, endowed with a 280 million dollar budget, which had been created in 1990 for this purpose. -
Graphene
Transparent, flexible, resistant, electrically conductive ... these are some of the virtues of graphene, the thinnest and most resistant material in the world that was discovered almost by rebound (like many other scientific discoveries) in 2004. Studying the layers of graphite normally discarded, physicist Andre Geim of the University of Manchester and then-PhD student Konstantin Novoselov found crystalline graphite monolayers -
Nanotechnology
One of the greatest scientific achievements recorded in 2001 was the strong emergence of nanotechnology. The Royal Spanish Academy defines it as the "technology of materials and structures in which the order of magnitude is measured in nanometers, with application to physics, chemistry and biology". Considered by many experts as the engine of the next industrial revolution, this technology has multiple applications in the field, among others, of electronics, biology or medicine. -
Proof of the Poincaré conjecture
Eighteen years of hard work took the Russian Grigori Perelman to find the solution to one of the so-called seven millennium problems: the Poincaré conjecture. This problem, posed in 1904 by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, did not obtain a satisfactory resolution until 2002, almost 100 years after it was formulated.
It would not be, however, until 2006 when the scientific journal Science would label Perelman's resolution as the star find of the year. Many mathematicians doubted -
Cell reprogramming
That means that thanks to cell reprogramming, the memory of a cell's development can be erased, turning it into a totally different type after it has been returned to its embryonic state. The father of this technique, the Japanese Shinya Yamanaka, received in 2012, together with the British scientist John B. Gurdon, the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his pioneering research in cloning and stem cells. -
Higgs' Boson
The more than possible existence of the so-called God particle was confirmed on July 4, 2012 by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). After a long time tracking it, finally the particle, theorized in the 1960s by British physicist Peter Higgs, seems to be beginning to be encircled. -
'Junk DNA' is not waste
discovered that so-called junk DNA is much more useful than previously thought. And, in reality, it is essential for human genes to work since it regulates their activity. The finding was presented simultaneously in three scientific journals: the British Nature, and the American Genome Research and Genome Biology. -
Genetic scissors
At the beginning of October, two scientists, the French Emmanuelle Charpentier and the American Jennifer Doudna, were announced as the winners of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the so-called “Crispr scissors”, a revolutionary technique that allows cutting a gene, changing the DNA of animals. plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision.