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From 1485 with King Henry VII of England to 1603 with Queen Elizabeth I
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It's important to notice that he never was a Protestant. Furthermore, in 1521 Henry VIII and Thomas Moore publish ‘Defence of the Seven Sacraments’ in respond of Martin Luther (German who refuted the existence of the purgatory and believed in the salvation through ‘Faith Alone’ ‘Sola Fide’) ‘Ninety-Five Theses’, published in 1517 where he criticized the Catholic Church.
Martin Luther is also excommunicated in 1521 -
Act of Supremacy establishes the Church of England.
Henry VIII became Head of the church in England, ain't the Pope anymore. Henry VIII broke with the Pope but not with Catholicism and its doctrine, as he never was a Protestant.
Opposition to the National church was like treason, Subjects had to swear the ‘Oath of Supremacy’. Act of Succession required his subjects to accept the King's marriage to Anne Boleyn as 'undoubted, true, sincere and perfect' -
Act of Union : Wales is now included in the Kingdom of England The ‘Ten Articles’ is a compromise between New Catholicism and Protestant ideas The same year :
-John Calvin published 'Institutio Christianae Religionis' in latin
-Anne Boleyn was beheaded
-Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour
-The Dissolution of the monasteries started leading to rebelions like the Pilgrimage of Grace in the Northern England -
It is the First translation of the Bible with Royale Licence, by Myles Coverdale. In 1538, Henry VIII ordered a copy of the English Bible is in every church. But years before, in 1525 William Tyndale (protestant) translated the New Testament in English and made 3000 copies. Only it was forbiden without Royal Licence. And in 1536 William Tyndale is executed for heresy. -
The Great Bible is the new official English translation of the Bible.
The Six Articles sought to establish the Supremacy of the Church of England -
Roman Inquisition created by Pope Paul III to control heresy (belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious) particularly Protestantism -
Edaward Seymour, Duke of Somerset served as Lord Protector of England. He was the elder brother of King Edward's mother, Jane Seymour.
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As the only son of Henry VIII, he became King at nine years old. Following the foot step of his father, he led the Kingdom of England out of the Chatolicism. Unfortunately he fell ill and died at fifteen. Despite all his effort to prevent the country's return to Catholicism, his Catholic elder sister Mary, took his succession to the Crown of England.
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The Book of Common prayer describe how to properly practice religion, worship God on the Church of England.
While the Act of Uniformity sought to unify religious worship across England. -
John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, served as 'primus inter pares' (First Among Equals), rather than as Lord Protector.
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Succeeded and replaced the previous ones.
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Accompanying the previous Book and Act, it was leading the Church of England to Protestantism
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Daughter-in-law of John Dudley and cousin to Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey was the first heir to the Crown of England following Edward will. However her reign is disputed, since she has never been crowned.
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'Bloody Mary'
She had a messy reign, not long enough to rebuilt what was destroyed. Yet she tried to establishe the Counter Reformation, restoring Papal authority and the Catholic worship, executing those who opposed it and persecuting Protestants.
In 1558, Mary I lost Calais face of the French. And she died having no child to succeed her. -
Nicknamed the 'Virgin Queen’ because she never married. She was a skilled politician, commited to a strong monarchy and to the strenght of the Crown. She also believed King and Queen's power were given by God, and ruled with counsellors and a restricted Privy Council. During her long reign she aimed to restore religious unity (through Protestantism) and political stability and also to make England a great power.
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Act of Supremacy : the Queen was made Supreme Governor of the Church of England
Act of Uniformity : Doctrine of the Church of England and New Prayer Book
Treason Act: Illegale to challenge her claim to power -
Pro Spanish, Catholic nobles from Northern England tried to remove Queen Elizabeth I from the Throne of England in favor of Mary, Queen of Scots. They failed.
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Pope Pius V officialy excommunicate Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. She is no longer part of the Catholic world and due to the threat of a Spanish Invasion, Catholic were seen as Traitors. It raised Religious Conflicts. -
The subscription act forced the Clergy to assert to the Thirty-Nine Articles, passed in 1563,which where less radical than the previous Forty-Two Articles Articles.
The same year there was another Treason Act. -
It is the massacre of protestants that started on St. Bartholomew's Day in France, around 1000 huguenots. -
Serf dom is formally ended but not practicaly yet -
The Circumnavigation of Sir Francis Drake lasted until 1580. On her way to make England a great power in Europe and the world (British Empire) Elizabeth encouraged a policy of exploration. During the Trans Oceanic Adventures 'sky was the limit' in rivalry with Spain. So 'Charter' were granted by the Crown to Pivate Companies authorizing them to get the exclusivity over trade in certain regions -
Mary of Scotland is executed due to Advisors who convinced Elizabeth. She was suspected of being part of a movement to renverse the power in England. -
The Defeat of the Spanish Invincible Armada marked the creation of a strong English Identity. Also trough the painting where Elizabeth is represented with the defeated Armada. -
Led mainly by Hugh O’Neil, Earl of Tyroe (Irishman) against Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex and Charles Blount, Lord of Mountjoy (after 1601). Elizabeth increased the number of ‘New English’ Protestant plantations, expropriating local Catholic landlords.
Ireland became an English 'Colony' -
James Ist was already King of Scots when he became King of England. As King of Scots he published in 1597'The True Law of Free Monarchies' and in 1599, 'Basilikon Doron'
When James became King of England in 1603, the Union of the Crowns united England and Scotland on some political basis.The Union Jack (for James) also found is origin in 1606. -
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Hampton Court Conference, was a meetinng between King James and the representatives of the Church of England which resulted into the 1604 Book of Common Prayer and into th 1611 King James Bible (the Poetic Bible) -
Gunpowder Plot was an unsuccessful attempt to explode the House of Lords while King James. -
Establishment of the English Colony of Jamestown, on May the 14 by the Virginia Company. -
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In the 1620s started the Puritan Emigration from England to Colonies in North America. It is related with the Mayflower, famous sailing ship which transported English families to the New World. -
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In March 1629 Charles I enter in his Personnal Rule, which lasted until 1640.
After increasing tensions between the Parliament and the King, related to the Petition of Right, 1628, seeking to limit King's power and to the Three Resolutions, early 1629, denouncing the importance of Armanianism in the Church of England. -
cf. Scottish Crisis -
In 1637 King Charles the Ist and archbishop William Laud published the 'Book of Common Prayer' for the Kirk (the Church of Scotland).
In 1638 the National Covenant, signed by thousandds of Scots (Scottish Elite, Covenanters), opposed to the previous Book.
This attempt to change religious practice inScotland resulted in the Scottish Crisis and later in the Bishops' War. -
Result of the Scotish Crisis
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Charles I call in the parliament from April to May to gather money for the Bishops' War -
From September 1640 to 1660, after King Charles I defeat at the Bishops’ War.
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The Irish Rebellion was about Irish men fighting for the freedom to worship their Religion, the Catholicism, and also fighting to recover confiscated Catholic lands.
The same year happened The Grand Remonstrance passed on November the 22nd by the House of Commons and presented to the King on December the 1st. The Parliament expressed its opposition to Charles I policies. It is also one of the main event leading to the Civil War -
Charles attempt to arrest 5 Mps on January the 3rd 1642 led to the Outbreak of The English Civil War, when Charles Ist raises his standard at nottingham on August the 22nd.
This War opposed the Royalists (Cavaliers) and the Parliamentarians (Roundheads). In Ireland, Scotland and England.
Finally in 1646, Charles I surrenders to the Scots -
In September the Confederates negotiated a ceasefire.
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The New Model Army, formed by the Parliamentarians served against the Royalist in the English Civil War. -
This year Christmas was canceled in all the English Kingdom, even in Ireland and Scotland following new Puritans beliefs/rules. This raised a riots against Christmas Cancelation the 'Plum Pudding Riots'. -
In November, took place the Putney Debates, following Charles I defeat in the Civil War, it was debates about a political settlement in England.
Following the debates, a secret negotiation between Charles (Imprisoned on the Isle of Wight) and Scottish Lords led to an ‘engagement’ where the King should impose presbyterianism in England if they helped him to restore his power in Scotland and in England. This event led to the Second Civil War. -
The Second English Civil War took place from February to May. On December the 5th, the parliament decides to settle with Charles, after a vote by the majority. The day following, on December the 6th, Col. Thomas Pride arrests / excludes the MPs who voted to settle. It is the Pride's Purge. Indeed, the Army sought for a Republic, when the Presbyterians sought for a restricted Royalty. -
In January, the trial of Charles I took place, but as he refused to plead he is condemned to be executed. Charles the Ist, King of England and VIst King of Scots is executed on January the 30th. Following these events the Abolition of Monarchy and the House of Lords is proclaimed on February the 7th. -
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Olicver Cromwell was a Member of the Parliament from 1628 to 1629 and from 1640 to 1642. Then he became Commander in the New Model Army. He was a Puritan and believed his victory in wars were due to God approval.
In 1653 he became Lord Protector, appreciated by both the Army and the Presbyterians.
In 1658, Presbyterians proposed him to reestablish 'Kingship', what he refused and finally named an heir : his son Richard. -
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