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Period: 1485 to 1509
Henry the VII (Henry Tudor)
He is the first Tudor, he led the War of Roses (1455-1485) and took control the South of England. He unified the House of York and the House of Lancaster by marrying Richard the III's niece. -
Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry the VIII
He become King by marrying Katherine of Aragon (from Spain). He was for the Catholic faith until when he became Head of the Church by the Act of Supremacy in 1534. With this Reformation, he managed to divorce Katherine of Aragon and had 6 other marriage later on. His first male heir was given by his third wife Jane Seymour. -
1534
The Treason Act
It's a death punishment made up for those who are against the Act of Supremacy.
E.g: Thomas More was executed by that act. -
1534
Act of Supremacy
This act was established by Henry the VIII for the purpose of making him Head of the Church. In this case, he would be controlling political power along with religious power of the country. -
1536
Act of Union in England
The territories of the Wales annexed by the England Crown under Henry the VIII. It is now the Kingdom of England with the Wales included. -
1536
Pilgrimage of Grace
One of the most serious rebellion in the Tudor period. It's a rebellion against changes in religion -- Robert Aske was leading the most conservative part of the population to rebel. The main purpose was to against Henry the VIII breaking with the Catholic's Church. The demands of the rebels are written in the Pontefract Articles. -
Period: 1544 to 1551
'Rough Wooing' in Scotland
It is the war(s) between Scotland and England started from Henry the VIII until the succession of Edward the VI. All begun with the England breaking up with Rome, while Scotland was close to France, and to prevent an alliance, England decided to attack Scotland. -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Edward the VI
The son of Henry the VIII and Jane Seymour (the third wife), he is a protestant King. (calvinism) He needed to deal with war in Scotland (Rough Wooing), his monarch was weak due to enclosure. He wasn't able to stabilize England and his people. -
Period: 1553 to 1558
Mary the Ist
Also named "Bloody Mary", she is the daughter of Catherine of Aragon (Henry the VIII's first wife) but was regarded as an illegitimate heir. She is catholic, therefore she burnt people who are against the return of Catholics worship. (the name Bloody Mary came from here) She married Philippe the II who was King of Spain, to remain relationship in Europe. But it was unpopular and people attempt a coup on her. -
1557
Rebellion of the Lords of the Congregation
A rebellion group of protestant in Scotland led by John Knox under the ruling of Mary of Guise. (regent at the time) -
Period: 1558 to
Elizabeth the Ist
She is the daughter of Anne Boleyn (Henry the VIII's second wife), she is educated as a protestant. Compared to Edward and Mary, her reign was much efficient to stabilize England. Nonetheless she still has a lot of challenge to confront. She established many compromises in terms of international relation and religious causes. -
Period: to
Anglo-Spanish War
England allies with Netherlands and France to against Spain who were strong powered at that time. This alliance was made under the reign of Elizabeth the I. -
Book Common Prayer in Welsh
Under Elizabeth the I, a full translation of the Bible in Welsh is produced. The purpose was to spread acceptance of English Church and worship in Welsh. -
Spanish invasion by the 'invincible Armada'
This happened during Elizabeth the I's reign. Philipp the II who was King of Spain Catholic send an army of ships and men to invade England (protestant). The army he sent was considered "the invincible armada" therefore he eventually failed to attack England. -
Period: to
'Nine Year War' / Tyrone's Rebellion
It was a long lasting fight between the Irish confederacy and the English rules establishing in Ireland. -
Period: to
James the VI and Ist
Son of Mary Queen of Scot and Henry Stuart, he succeeded the throne of Scotland and England with his absolute monarchy. He wrote The True Law of Free Monarchies in 1597 and Basilikon Doron in 1599 to argue his theory for absolute monarchy.
He ruled somehow without the Parliament or just refused all demands from the Parliament. -
Guy Fawkes & the Gunpowder Plot
It is a conspiracy of the Catholics who are a minority in England during James the I's reign. They plotted to blow up the Parliament and the King and Queen who were there the 5th of November. The group was composed of member: Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright and Guy Fawkes. The reason that they have plotted this was because at that time they granted for Catholicism tolerance but the King refused to it. -
Period: to
Charles the Ist
Son of James the I, he continued the idea of absolute monarchy in England. There were a lot of tension between the Crown and the Parliament. The country also had problems with taxation, the Parliament tried to negotiate with the King but he always refused until his death. -
Petition of Right
A petition against the "illegal" rule of the King Charles the I which lead to a "Eleven Years of Tyranny". -
Book of Common Prayer
A book for the Kirk in Scotland, which is very unwelcomed by Scottish people, they even formed a council to against the King. -
Period: to
The Bishop's War
Two separate conflicts between Scotland and England. The first one is caused by the tension between Charles the I's anglican settlement in Scottish Church and the Scottish Covenanter. (1639) The conflict ended by a treaty. The second one is triggered with the same reason (a continue of the first conflict), which this time the Covenanter's force is controlling the North-east England and Charles the I was forced to summon the Long Parliament. -
Massacres of English Protestants
It is a rebellion by the old English elite and Irish Gaelic towards the Catholics in Ireland. Which is leading the Scottish and English Parliament to protect the protestant Ireland. -
Period: to
English Civil War(s)
It's a series of Wars between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England.
It happened in the territory of England and Wales. The First Civil war (1642-1646)
The Second Civil war (February-August 1648) -
New Model Army
It's an army established by the Parliament in 1645 during the First Civil War. -
Putney Debates
A series of debates concerning the political settlement after the Parliament's victory against Charles the I in the First Civil War -
Pride's Purge
Event when soldiers of the New Model Army prevent member of Parliament to enter from the House of Common -
Period: to
Commonwealth of England
It is a Republic government in England after the abolition of monarchy and execution of Charle I. They need to bear few problems:
- Lack of Legitimacy (people tend to want a King)
- Unpopularity of Puritanism (closure of theaters, banishing celebrations...etc)
- Lack of representative ( Royalist are the majority and minor of people's representation = Rump Parliament) and then it went to Protectorate (1653-1659) -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell
He is a MP and leader of the NMA. He is Puritan. Under the tension between Presbyterian (mostly civilians) and NMA, he became the "Lord Protector" in 1653. He also dealt tension in Ireland and Scotland:
Ireland= people didn't want the CW, and led a rebellion against it. Therefore, Catholics lost their lands importantly and massacre. Scotland= Bishop War, strong support for the Stuarts. But no massacre since they are protestant. CW collaborate w/ them, George Monk (English Army leader here) -
Execution of Charles Ist
There were two parties in England: Cavaliers for those who support the King and the Roundheads for the Parliament. It was a war fight in England. By the end the Crown got defeated, the King still refused to accept terms and was beheaded. -
Abolition of the monarchy
Charles I refused to plead what he was guilty for, and was beheaded. Monarchy got abolished with the House of Lords, there is only the House of Commons left in Parliament. -
Period: to
Richard Cromwell
He became Lord Protector after his father but resigned a year later. By that time, there was tension in the army. And with new Parliament, Charle II was invited to the throne. -
Declaration of Breda
It is a proclamation that help Charle II to stable his place on the throne. It includes:
- Promise to forgive those who were against the Crown (not those who executed the King)
- Money discussion will be held with the Parliament
- Toleration for Protestantism and Catholicism -
Period: to
Charles II
Charle II was invited to the throne and Monarchy had restored. He encountered 3 problems:
- changing political circumstance (pb w/ Parliament)
- needing new ppl being powerful under Republic after the powerful man in CM .
- religious tension Thus, the Declaration of Breda made him legitimize his power. He always tried to avoid conflict with Parliament. Later on, he went on secret alliance with Louis XIV, and still willing for Catholicism. -
Corporation Act
Generally, it's an act passed by the Parliament for those who are in public office and must follow the anglican sacrement.
(Restriction rights) -
Test Act
It is an act to restrict King Charles II because he attempted to grant Catholicism. -
"Popish Plot"
It's a “revelation” by Titus Oates, the plot is to kill the King in order to put James II on the throne. They let people believed that the Pope is trying to murder the King. -
"The Immortal Seven"
It happened when James II was on the throne. Seven English Nobleman send letters to William of Orange (Ruler of Netherlands and married to Mary II) to let him invade England. -
Glorious revolution (Bloodless Revolution)
Event when the Stuart King James II was removed from the throne and got replaced by Mary the II and William the III of Orange. English people were hoping William to invade the lands and he actually did. The English army didn't fight back. In Scotland and Ireland, strong opposition; fight between James II (supporters called 'Jacobites') VS William (supporters called Williamites). -
Toleration Act
Act that is allowing the dissenters of the church to manage on their own way, but only for protestant who are not anglicans (ex: puritans). -
Bill of Rights
Document after the Glorious Revolution in which it claims:
→ The illegality of the actions of J2
→ Power of Crown/Parliament is being official (England works with both)
→ Protestant succession, remove the army from royal control – exclusion of Catholic claimants, the power is given to Parliament. It is important to the English history, it is the first step to the modern Monarchy of England. -
Period: to
William of Orange/William III
He is the Prince of Orange (Netherland) and married Mary II of England. He was asked to invade England in 1688, and he won the fight against James II of England and took the throne during the Glorious Revolution. With the Bills of Rights, he managed to rule England with the parliament (it is now official). -
Period: to
Queen Anne
Anne is the sister of Mary II, unfortunately Mary didn't leave an heir, the throne belong to Anne. Moreover, she didn't give an heir before her death, the Parliament had hard time to find a legitimate heir. The only solution was George I. -
Act of Union in Scotland
Act passed by the Parliament when Scotland is part of the Great Britain.- Only one Parliament (no Scottish Parliament), only Parliament is in London with those 45 Scottish MP.
- Relative free trade
- Keep the Kirk unchallenged
- Partly departed legal systems
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Period: to
George I
He is the first from the Hanover family to rule England. He was told to go to England to rule the throne despite he never step in that land before. He had difficult to rule first due to the English language but also other challenges in politic and religion. -
Act of Union in Ireland
Act of agreement of uniting Ireland in the Great Britain under the name of United Kingdom.