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Wolsey was born the son of a butcher in Ipswich
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Second son of HVII and Elizabeth of York
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made HVIII heir
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Thomas acted as one of the secretaries to the Lord of the Privy Seal, Richard Fox. Given his work experience, he was well suited to performing administrative duties, including missions abroad
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he went to Scotland to secure the alliance between King James IV and England; he had also been sent to the Low countries to discuss potential marriages for HVII
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CofA had gained mass popularity through her grace and decorum of being held captive during HVII
Seen as chivalrous act from HVIII for marryin her -
Aged 17 and 10 months
- saw the change of monarch as the dawning of a new age
- HVII had left £300 000 for HVIII, a peaceful policy and a conciliar government -
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Councillors sought to renew the Treaty but it was evident that HVIII was thinking otherwise. HVIII wanted to be like HV and claim France
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highlighted the corruption of Rome
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Council Learned in the Law abolished
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Executed for their involvement in the CLIL
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Henry persuaded Pope Julius II to enter an alliance with England, Spain, HRE, Venice and the Papacy against France
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Henry sent an army of 10 000 men to Southwest France under Marquis Dorset. However, this achieved nothing and was used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand (Spain) while he conquered Navarre.
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John Colet (humanist) relies on city guilds rather than clergymen.
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Provided extraordinary revenue for invasions of France and Scotland; Anticlerical Act restricting benefit of the clergy
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Organised an expeditionary force to invade France under HVIII's leadership. Despite others more senior and experienced ranks, Wolsey defied all the pundits by achieving the seemingly impossible.
His logistics were greatly praised. He had made all 30,000 men and supplies were in place. Arguing that the King's wishes must take precedence over all other considerations. -
James IV crossed the border with a substantial force but was defeated by a smaller English army hurriedly put together (led by Earl of Surrey). James IV was killed, along with a lot of Scottish nobles.
Nearly led to a rebellion + revolt in Yorkshire again + lost French pension -
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HVIII led a force to northeastern France. Won the battle of the spurs and captured towns of Therouanne and Tournai
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Duke Albany = regent King
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By the middle of 1514, HVIII was referring to almost all matters of business to Wolsey in the certainty that they would be dealt with efficiently, and generally along the lines that he desired.
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Refused to pay mortuary fee to the local clergy and refused to pay the fine - taken to court but was prepared to bring civil lawsuit
found dead by 'hanging' in his cell (not likely) -
organised by Wolsey.
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Wolsey had put pressure on the Pope to appoint him to Cardinal
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Mary remarries Duke of Suffolk
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was chief minister to HVIII
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Act restricting benefit of the clergy not renewed despite the apparently anticlerical atmosphere of the House of Commons
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Peace between Spain and France. The new king of Spain, Charles V, negotiated with Francis I. France abandoned its claim to the Kingdom of Naples and received the duchy of Milan in recompense
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Became the centre of both government and justice under Wolsey. Extended use of the Star Chamber from 1516 as a way to increase cheap and fair justice. Also encouraged use of Star Chamber for private lawsuits, forced to set up a series of 'overflow tribunals'.
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agreement ending one phase of the wars between France and the habsburg Charles V (HRE)
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violent disturbances broke out in London against foreigners migrating to London. Angers about loss of jobs to the migrants fueled the riots and some believed that they were being cheated by the foreigners
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He gained the honour, in order to act on the Pope's behalf in negotiations for what was hoped to become a general truce between the major European states
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a 'universal peace' between France, England and Spain. Each promised not to attack any of the others. Top 20 leaders in Europe signed up to it including the Pope. Brought prestige to HVIII and Wolsey and England was seen as an important country in European politics
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the 'minions' of the Privy Chamber distrusted Wolsey. In 1519, he secured the removal of the minions and replaced them with his own supporters.
However, most of the minions recovered their positions, thus the Privy Chamber thus retained some of its prestige and influence and was the one part of the government that was outside Wolsey's immediate control -
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HVIII tried to arrange a marriage between Charles V and Mary I, Mary I got rejected by Charles V
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A diplomatic meeting between HVIII and Francis I. It was a fortnight of feasting and jousting with no expense spared as both kings wanted to show off. However, no agreements were made and only made Charles V suspicious of England.
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HVIII writes in defence of Catholicism and is rewarded with the title Fidei Defensor by the Pope
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An alliance between HVIII and Charles V. It agreed a one-year delay in sending on English army to France, to save money and gain prestige. HVIII decided to ally with Charles V because of strong trade links and HVIII's marriage to CofA (Charles' aunt)
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Henry agreed to send 11 000 troops to attack Paris in 1522 with Charles V and Duke of Bourbon
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sent 11 000 troops to France
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Provided extraordinary revenue for invasion of France. Speaker of the pse of Commons, Sir Thomas More, made the first known plea for freedom of speech for MPs. Despite parliament's ill temper, the level of anticlericalism seemed much reduced.
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heavy taxation levied without parliament's approval but put forth as to be a 'freely given gift to the King'. Parliament saw Wolsey as 'arrogant and insensitive'. Wolsey used the 'Tudor Subsidy' as a way to raise extraordinary without going to parliament
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After Pavia, Charles had shown he didn’t value or respect Henry as an equal ally, so Henry decided to ally with France instead.
Henry agreed to give up his claim to the throne of France in return for Francis giving him an annual payment. -
However, Charles’ and the Duke’s troops never showed up and the English were forced to retreat.
Charles had used the English to distract the French, so he could defeat them at the Battle of Pavia.
The war had cost Henry over £400,000 but he had nothing to show for it after three years of fighting. -
Charles V fought Francis I in Pavia, in northern Italy.
The French army was destroyed, and Francis was captured. Henry wanted to use this to take advantage of France and invade, but Charles released Francis and wouldn’t share any of his spoils from the battle with Henry. -
Introduced by Wolsey in order to reform the finances of the Privy Council
Secured as reduction in the number of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber (also secured the removal of the groom of the stool and replaced with Henry Norris) -
Wolsey organised but didn’t join an alliance against Charles’ expansion into Italy, alongside France, the Pope, Venice and Florence.
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Charles V took control of Rome
Charles’ troops had attacked Rome and basically imprisoned the Pope during their campaign in Italy.
The Pope was the only person who could grant Henry his annulment, and would not do so while he was under the control of Charles V. -
England and France threatened to fight Charles if he didn’t improve relations with neighbouring countries.
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It took seven years for him to rid himself of his first wife. So all-consuming was Henry's desire for a divorce that it became known as the King's 'Great Matter'.
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France and England declared war on Charles in Italy, but no English troops were sent to fight.
Wolsey introduced a trade embargo with the Habsburg controlled Netherlands, but protests forced him to call it off.
This made England look like it wasn’t a serious European power. -
Henry fails to get his marriage annulled
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In June 1529, the court finally met to discuss the divorce. Catherine immediately refused to recognise it and appealed to the Pope to move the hearing to Rome.
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Henry used Wolsey's position as Papal Legate to accuse of using is powers in the disinterest of the King.
Wolsey was stripped of his powers, possessions, exiled to his diocese York. -
Francis made peace with Charles, and Wolsey was only informed about this at the last minute.
England wasn’t seen as an equal by either country anymore. -
anticlericalism was stirred up Crown
wrote the 'supplication for the beggars'
- vicious attack on the church -
'Reformation' Parliament
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Wolsey's ill-health led to his death on the journey to London to answer further charges
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had never held a senior position in the church
HVIII had personally requested his appointment, despite his moderate reformist views and connections to the Boleyn family.
rapid rise due to loyalty and support to HVIII rather than traditional Church hierarchy -
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was Chief Minister to HVIII
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Appealing to foreign powers, like the Pope, was forbidden. This effectively isolated CofA and made all attempts to fight Henry futile as he was 'Supreme Head' and 'King'
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Taxation on clergy. All had to pay a years salary when first joined then 10% of their income thereafter - increased royal revenue
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HVIII was recognised as Head of the Church of England, This ultimately gave him all power and rather than bestowing the power upon him, it was phrased as a 'restoration'.
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denial of royal supremacy was a crime punishable by death in speech as well as writing
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declared Henry's marriage to Catherine illegal, making Princess Mary illegitimate. Denial of Henry's new marriage was declared treason
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act as deputy in his oversight of the Church's organisation and running
Vicegerent in Spirituals, with powers to change the Church. -
Start of the visitations to the monasteries to look for corruption.
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Cromwell commissions the Valor Ecclesiasticus to assess the wealth of the monasteries
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Divided wales into 3 shire countries
giving some shires representation in House of Commons
same legal framework as England
increased crown's influence over wales -
the collective name for a series of rebellions in northern England, first in Lincolnshire and then in Yorkshire and elsewhere between October and December
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made it illegal to call/acknowledge the Pope as the 'Pope' - must call him the Bishop of Rome
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declared Elizabeth illegitimate and lays down that HVIII can determine the succession by will in the absence of Heir apparent
Chose to acknowledge the possibility of legitimising his son Duke of Richmond -
Act of Parliament passed to dissolve the smaller monasteries.
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Called to enact new Succession Act following the fall of Anne Boleyn
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Accused of adultery and incest
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a new uprising
178 put on trial and executed
Aske charged and hanged in York using a noose of chains -
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every parish church must have one copy of the English bible in it
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Francis I and Charles V agree a truce and to sever connections with England
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thereby absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their rules
the pope sent envoys to France and Scotland to try raise support for a Catholic crusade -
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Act to dissolve the remaining monasteries passed
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called to provide extraordinary revenue with invasion threatened; produced divergent religious legislation, for example the dissolution of the greater monasteries and the Six Articles Act
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Court of Augmentations set up to sell off the land of the monasteries
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By March, all remaining religious houses had been dissolved
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Accused of treason and heresy at a Council meeting
Lost credibility after the failed marriage of Anne of Cleves and HVIII -
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already had premaritual sex with other men
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immediate military success
James V died leaving Mary Queen of Scots in charge at 1 month old
HVIII didn't take advantage of Scotland's weakness -
provided extraordinary revenue for invasions of Scotland and France; dealt once more with the issue of succession
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restricted the reading of the bible to only upper-class men and upper-class women (in private)
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Arranged marriage between Edward VI and Mary QS
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Conserative
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Reinstates Mary and Elizabeth in the succession and reaffirms that Henry could determine the succession by will
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Siege of Boulogne
France were giving aid to scotland, outraging HVIII
HVIII initially captured the city but France later retook it -
short-term economic boom
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'rough wooing' scotland won ending english incursions into the scottish border
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French fleet of more ships than the spanish armada, was sent to attack the Isle of Wight in retaliation of the English invasions
Only three days after the sinking of the Mary Rose, it was decided to abandon the invasion. The troops on the Isle of Wight were recalled and the French fleet finally departed on 28th July. -
provided extraordinary revenue
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Henry agreed to sell back all his French territory within eight years' time.
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confirms the terms of the succession act of 1544 and laid down that in default of heirs to Edward, Mary and Elizabeth then his sister Mary
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