Hellenistic Era

Establishment of Spartan Military State

900 BCE

"Son of Zues" Lacedaemon Founds Sparta as a City State of Greece. City was named after his wife. Later was converted to military state around 650BCE.

Cyrus Establishes Persian Empire

539 BCE

United the Medes and Persians to conjoin into the empire. Conquered powerful kingdoms to expand and develop his new empire. All possible by his progressive politics and overall respect.

Athens Found a Democracy

507 BCE

Founded in response to inequality among their citizens. Removed power from the aristocrats and made institutions for males to have a say. Did not allow women to vote.

Darius I Invades Greece

492 BCE

Darius did this to punish the city-states, mainly the Athens. Launched an ambisous campain but lost in a war against the athens. Yet this invasion allow for larger wars in the future.

Battle Of Marathon

490 BCE

Major conflict in the persian invasion of greece. While the Athen army was largly outnumbered, they still managed to defeat the persian forces. Showed the effectivness of citizen soulders and boosted greeces reputation.

Second Invasion of Greece

480 BCE

Second invasion of Greece led my Xerxes I, aimed to conquere Greek city-states. Greece won many of the battles and held their ground. This lead to an ultimate failure for persia and defended Greeks resistance.

Battle of Salamis

480 BCE

Greek rulers tricked and led persian ships into the narrow Salamis straights. Making it hard for persian ships to navigate and manuver. This advantage allowed for the greeks to win this battle.

Battle of Thermopyle

480 BCE

Took place in the second invasion of greece. While still outnumbered the greeks held strong for 3 days. Yet still the greeks were betrayed and defeated from behind.

Battle of Plataea

479 BCE

This battle was the final land battle of the second invasion of greece. Athen and Spartans defeated the persian forces. Increasing greek moral and setting their resistance in stone.

Delian League Formation

478 BCE

This Group was formed as an alliance of greek city-states. Providing resources and weaponry for greece to fight off future persian invasions. Eventually this group started to be dominated by Athens and grew large enough to face conflict with other greek city-states.

Peace of Callias

449 BCE

A treaty between the Athens and Persians that ended the invasions and brought peace. Recognized autonomy of greek city states. Allowed athens to focus on Delain League

Construction of Parthenon

447 BCE

Under Athen leadership this temple was built to memorate the godess Athena. Its construction followed the destruction of the origonal temple. Proved to be a masterpeice of architecture and is credited for its art

Peloponnesian War Starts

431 BCE

Growing tensions between the Athens and Sparta lead to the start of the peloponnesian war. Delian vs Peloponnesian Leagues had differing alliances and system which led to a power struggle. The war lasted for three decades and ultimately ended in sparta winning.

Plague in Athens

430 BCE

Hit during the second year of the pelonessian war. The diseas thought to have been carried over from a different plague led to the death of many athen citizens. Was a large contributing factor in the Athen loss during the peloponnesian war.

Peace of Nicias

421 BCE

This served as a temporary truce between the Athens and Spartans. Aimed to get rid of the hostalities and pause the war. Depite the efforts, the war eventually continued due to increasing tensions.

Spartan Victory in Mantinea

418 BCE

Spartans finished victorious against theban in Mantinea. Despite winning Spartans face many losses including their king. These removed a majority of Spartans power in greece and they failed to recover.

Defeat at Syracuse

413 BCE

This war proved a military disaster and failure. Despite being in the advantage, poor leadership rendered Athens unable to break Syracuse defenses. Killed and captured many athen soldiers and strongly weakened their military.

Sparta Becomes Dominant City State

404 BCE

The connections and power that the Athens had combined with the Spartans power and allowed them to become the dominant city state. This system established an Oligarcy government within the city state. However, due to harsh leading, nearby city states had tension with Sparta leading to a loss in dominance.

Athens Surrender

404 BCE

After many naval and military losses, the athen forces did not have the power to continue fighting. On 404BCE Athens surrendered to the Spartan Military State. Spartans Imposed harsh rules and demands for the athens due to the amount of damage they already did.

Theban Defeat Sparta

371 BCE

Led by the brilliant Epaminondas, Theban used innovative tactics such as special formations. These advantages led to their victory against the Spartan Military State. This major loss led to the fall of Sparta Dominance and a loss of their military power.