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The force of a strong gravity well, such as a black hole or massive star, is capable of changing the direction of the photons as they pass by the objeect.
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Dr. Shapley found a center of gravity in many globular clusters that he studied.
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Timeline of the mapping of the universe.
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Spiral, Elliptical and Irregular.
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Type 1- no hydrogen
Type 2- hydrogen -
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Cepheid variable stars and type 1a supernova
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Rapid expansion caused background radiation to be equivalent in every direction.
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Dark matter and dark energy have been discovered
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The remaining radiation from the big bang that has redshifted over millenia