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James Madison
In 1788, James Madison wrote Federalist No. 10 in the Federalist Papers (initiated by Alexander Hamilton). He promoted the ratification of the Constitution and argued that it would protect everyone from the violence and damage caused by factions. -
Dual Federalism
The Civil War sparked the creation of a division of national and state powers, known at dual federalism. Both the federal and the state governments had separate but equal power and authority dictated by the Constitution. -
Constitution Ratification
It took 3 years for the constitution to officially gain the approval to become ratified. The Framers knew there would be resistance, so they required each state to hold conventions. Congress approved, however the states feared the strong central government. After the war, people also feared slipping further into debt, and wealthy merchants/businessmen feared losing their wealth. Despite their fears, all 13 states approved and the legislature called for the ratification of the Constitution. -
Tenth Amendment
The tenth amendment states that any power not given to the federal government is given to the states. -
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Maryland attempted to delay the the Second Bank by imposing taxes. James McCulloch refused to pay and took the case to the supreme court where he ultimately won when they found Maryland's actions unconstitutional. -
Gibbons vs. Ogden
In Gibbons vs. Ogden, the state of New York granted Robert Fulton exclusive access to the Hudson River, while at the same time, congress authorized someone else access to the same waters. This lead to the question: What was the scope of congress's authority under the commerce clause? The supreme court ultimately ruled that New York did not have the authority to grant a monopoly to a single steamboat. -
Barron vs. Baltimore
In Barron vs. Baltimore, John Barron owned a docking business in one of the cities wharfs. Over time, sand and debris that moved in made ships unable to dock, destroying his business. He argued that the city took his lands without compensation, as stated he should have received through the due process clause in the fifth amendment. Ultimately, the supreme court ruled that he had no federal claim. -
Cooperative Federalism
Cooperative Federalism described the shared relations of power and authority between federal, national, and local governments. This marked the beginning of the New Deal which was a program designed for relief, recovery, and reform to bring the country out of the Great Depression. -
Civil War
The south and north fought over power and how that relates to slavery. The federal government then took control by sparking the war and taking power into their own hands. -
New Federalism
After World War ll, programs were designed and out into place that gave more power back to local and state governments to fulfill traditional responsibilities including protecting the health, welfare, and safety of their citizens. Today, federal grants are provided to support not only state and local governments, but individuals in receiving funding for eduction, non-profits, etc. These grants are categorical grants, block grants, and unfunded mandates. -
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan proposed the implicated New Federalism which by giving power back to states, he hoped would cut taxes, trim spending, and make the federal and state governments run more efficiently. This came right after World War ll when the country was in a state of distress and was in need of something new in order to give them hope. -
Block Grants
The federal government gives money to state and local government, but doesn't specify what it is meant for and gives state and local governments some lead way to choose what they want to do with the money -
Categorical Grants
Federal government gives money to the states, however they need to do a specific job with the money that the federal government assigns. -
Progressive Federalism
Progressive federalism describes relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative. This structure has been recently supported by Obama and works best when the federal government is able to reach a consensus and establish a national standard that everyone can accept and agree on.
