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It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.
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Color Line- a barrier that separated the whits and the non whites. In 1945, Robinson crossed the color line when Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Branch Rickey hired him.
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Segregation- segregation established by practice and custom, rather than by law. There was segregation wherever you went. It was in housings, schools, marriage, workplace, and politics.
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Civil Rights- CORE was committed to nonviolent direct action as a means of change. Its first action—a peaceful protest at a segregated coffee shop in Chicago in 1943.
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Thurgood Marshall- became the head person for the NAACP he was focused on ending segregation through court
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African Americans had to sit at the back of the bus. If the bus was full, they were required to give up their seats to white riders. Furthermore, blacks could never share a row with whites.
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SCLC- an organization formed by Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders in 1957 to use nonviolent resistance to achieve social and political goals
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Little rock nine- In September 1957, nine black students were scheduled to join them. On September 4, 1957, the day the nine students were to begin classes, the troops appeared at Central High as a show of force and to prevent the students from entering the building.
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a doctrine, promoted by the Nation of Islam, calling for complete separation from white society. Black Muslims worked to become independent from whites by establishing their own businesses, schools, and communities.
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Jim Crow Laws and sit in- During the 1960s, sit-ins like this one captured nationwide attention for the civil rights movement. As news of the Greensboro action spread, protesters began sit-ins in towns and cities across the South. On July 25, 1960, the first African American ate at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro.
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a policy that calls on employers to actively seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce. Affirmative action was first introduced by President John F. Kennedy. In 1961, he issued an executive order that called on contractors doing business with the federal government to “take affirmative action” to hire minorities.
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Civil Disobedience and SNCC- SNCC trained students in civil disobedience, counseling them to deliberately break laws they considered unjust. SNCC leaders emphasized that protesters must not use violence, even if they were physically attacked.
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NAACP- The quarter of a million protesters included about 60,000 whites as well as union members, clergy, students, entertainers, and celebrities such as Rosa Parks and Jackie Robinson. a 1963 protest in which more than 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capital for "jobs and freedom" and the passage of civil rights legislation
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The act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote. The act also called for the federal government to supervise voter registration in areas where less than half of voting-age citizens were registered to vote.
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During that time, 34 people died, almost 900 were injured, and nearly 4,000 were arrested. Rioters burned and looted whole neighborhoods, causing $45 million of property damage. The rioting did not end until 14,000 members of the National Guard were sent to Watts to restore order.
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For many African Americans, black power meant the power to shape public policy through the political process. civil rights groups organized voter-registration drives across the South.
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the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration. In 1970, a federal judge ordered the district to use busing to integrate its schools.
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n many U.S. cities, landlords in white neighborhoods refused to rent to blacks. This law included a fair-housing component that banned discrimination in housing sales and rentals,
