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Within 4 years, he had conquered the whole area and stood on the north coast of France gazing at the white cliffs of Dover. He knew the mineral wealth to be won and that the lowlands produced ann abundance of corn, an staple diet of the hungry legions. -
under Julius Caesar's leadership,10,000 men on 80 ships sailed across the Strait of Dover. However, their progress was agonizingly slow. Just a month later, he left for the Gaul promising to return.
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Also led by Julius Caesar.
Britain was still in the late Iron Age. It was inhabited by Celtic tribes whose ancestors had emigrated centuries earlier from the Danube basin. He needed to defeat the Catuvellauni, the strongest tribe in Britain. They were betrayed by a rival tribe, and soon later, Caesar overwhelmed them, leading to their chief's surrender. -
The capital was captured, and Emperor Claudius himself made a triumphal entry at the head of the troops while riding an elephant. It would take another 90 years for all of England and Wales to be fully pacified, with Hadrian's Wall marking the empire's northern frontier. Scotland was never subdued, nor did the Romans land in force on Irish soil. -
(Roman Britannica)
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Led by Queen Boudica, leader of the Iceni Tribe. Burned Colchester, Verulamium and London, and destroyed the 9th Legion. -
After several attempts to conquer what is today Scotland, they withdrew in 105 under the rule of emperor Trajano. Hadrian decided to build a physical frontier.
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A further attempt to reach the north on the orders of Emperor Antoninus Pius.
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Maximus - a usurping Roman emperor who ruled Britain, Gaul, and Hispania - seized power in Britain and took the best troops from the province to fight for the imperial throne. He was defeated in 388. -
The Roman Empire was threatened by continuous invasions of Saxons, Picti and Scoti. -
The last regular Roman soldier and administrator left the country. Emperor Honorius released Britain from his allegiance. This marked the end of Roman Britain.
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The Christianisation of Britain starts. -
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He was later given the Neustria territory, which would eventually become Normandy. -
He was Rollo's great-grandson.
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His wife, Emma, was Richard II's sister. Their son would later become Edward the Confessor. -
His son would die without an heir.
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He was brought back from Normandy, as Cnut's son would die without producing offspring. -
Harold Godwinson was Edward the Confessor's brother-in-law.
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Where Harold Godwinson would defeat Harald III of Norway. Thus ending the Viking Age.
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Where William the Duke of Normandy would defeat Harold Godwinson, who was killed by an arrow to the eye. -
The Archbishop of York crowned him in Westminster Abbey with the entire Anglo-Saxon elite in attendance. -
by Geoffrey of Monmouth.
First coherent version of the legend of King Arthur. -
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by Wace -
by Layamon
One of the first texts written in English -
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Englishness started to spread among Anglo-Norman aristocracy. English gradually reasserted itself; although French remained the language of Parliament and courts until then.
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by the Gawain Poet
Written in the Northwest Midland dialect -
The House of Lancaster and the House of York fought generation after generation for the throne of England from Henry VI to Henry VII - Tudor and Henry VIII's father.
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by Sir Thomas Malory
The source of most of the Arthurian legend as it is known today and printed and "prefaced" by Caxton - who introduced printing press to England. -
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The pioneer of the English novel.
The Review: The True-Born Englishman
Captain Singleton
A Journal of the Plague Year
Robinson Crusoe -
A Tale of a Tub
A Modest Proposal
Verses on the Death of Dr Swift
Gulliver's Travels -
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Queen Anne presided over the union of the English Parliament and the Scottish Parliament into the parliament of Great Britain. -
Queen Anne died without procuring an heir. Her German cousin George succeeded her, moving the monarchy from the House of Stuart to the House of Hannover. The Jacobites tried to replace him with James II's son James Edward Stuart, but were unsuccessful. George favoured the Whigs arguing that the Tories were loyal to the Stuart cause.
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He was more concerned with Hannover than Great Britain. In fact, during the Austrian Succession War, he subordinated England's interests to those of Germany.
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Between 1750 and 1800, grain crops rose 50%; this increase sustained the steadily growing population, which England had gone from 5.5 million in 1750 to around 9 million in 1801. -
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So much written material was being published that Samuel Johnson thought it necessary to publish it.
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The conflict between Great Britain and France will end with the sovereignty of the first over French-American and Indian territories. After this, the English crown would impose high taxes on these colonies that - along with other factors - would derive into the American Revolution.
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Bridgerton
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By Adam Smith was published. -
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by Mary Wollstronecraft.
Trailblazing treatise on women's rights. The work argues for the empowerment of women in education, politics, society, and marriage. -
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Even if the starting point of Romanticism is usually appointed as 1789 with the outbreak of the French Revolution, it truly started in 1798 with the publication of the first edition of Lyrical Ballads, by Wordsworth and Coleridge. It finished in 1830, coinciding with Walter Scott's death.
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Britain gained Trinidad and Ceylon.
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This battle confirmed British rule over the sea. -
Greatest author of the Victorian period.
The Pickwick Papers
Oliver Twist
A Christmas Carol
David Copperfield
A Tale of Two Cities
Great Expectations -
Britain added Tobago and Mauritius, St. Lucia and Malta.
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Gothic horror novel by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.
First published anonymously, she didn't recognise her authority until 4 years later. -
In which the middle classes obtained the right to vote.
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Addressed the concentration of population in districts that had no representation in Parliament, expanding the electorate. This led to the founding of modern political parties and initiated a series of reforms which would continue into the XX c.
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by Elizabeth Gaskell.
She was a feminist novelist who portrayed the daily lives of poor people, the hard-working conditions of women and children in mines and textile factories, and the conflicts between employers and workers. -
by Marx Engels -
Whereby the urban working class were allowed to vote.
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Whereby miners and agricultural workers were allowed to vote.