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Colonial America:Middle colonies
variety of nationalities; variety of religions; groups establish own schools… backgrounds too diverse to have
public schools -
Colonial America
settlements of Jamestown, Plymouth, Providence, etc. brought European school philosophies and materials -
Colonial America
Teacher Training: 1) white indentured servants bought passage to America agreeing to work as teachers to pay the debt, 2) apprenticeships -- studied under a schoolmaster for 10 years to become a schoolmaster -
USA
teaching materials = slate stone framed with wood; students wrote assignments on them vs. table paper; later made blackboards -
Vermont: Reverend Hall
first teacher training institution (normal school) in US; private school; entered right after elementary school;
subjects similar to high school and had courses on pedagogy; did some student teaching -
Massachusetts: Horace Mann
becomes first secretary for first state school board; helps spur educational awakening; establishes "common
elementary schools" = basic education for all children -
Pennsylvania
First Boarding Schoolsfirst of 26 Indian boarding schools established to assimilate Native American children into the mainstream
culture; the schools leave a controversial legacy -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson -- ruled that "separate but equal" does not violate the 14th Amendment - implied political
not social equality (decision later overturned in 1954) -
Period: to
California & Ohio
first junior high schools established at Berkeley and Columbus to bridge gaps between elementary and college
prep/skilled labor -
California
Alvarez v. Lemon Grove School District becomes the first successful school desegregation case; forbids the
school district from placing Mexican-American children in a separate "Americanization" school -
Period: to
USA: B. F. Skinner
publishes works on his behavioral theory focusing on outward behavior; students can be trained/conditioned to
learn about anything a teacher desires…break down learning into small steps -
Period: to
USA
new emphasis: physical fitness, character-education, tightening of educational standards, creativity enhanced,
inter-age groupings, broad groupings of subject, pupil characteristics, gifted programs, foreign language
instruction, experimental schools, development of diagnostic instruments for finding learning disabilities,
additional school personnel hired (aides, counselors, social workers, school psychologists) -
USA: National Education Association
publishes Education for All American Youth ; schools should equip students for occupations prepare to assume
citizenship responsibilities; give a fair chance in pursuit of happiness in mental/physical health; stimulate
intellectual curiosity… think rationally; develop appreciation of ethical values -
USA_Congress
Indian Education Act passes; designed to help Native Americans help themselves serving their unique needs -
USA
The Apple II computer introduced as one of the first personal computers; it becomes popular in schools -
USA: Congress
the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) passes to hold states more accountable for student performance based
on annual assessments but gives schools more flexibility in meeting federal regulations
