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Ohio State Law
Ohio enacts first state law authorizing bilingual education, in English and German.
An Ohio law of 1839 authorized instruction in English, German, or both in areas where parents requested it. This, along with more than a dozen state passed laws, provided schooling in languages other than English for ELLs. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
For more information:
http://www.rethinkingschools.org/restrict.asp?path=archive/12_03/langhst.shtm -
New Mexico Territory
The territory of New Mexico authorized Spanish-English bilingual education. This was the start of a new change in the education system by providing a bilingual education for students. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
For more information about this topic: http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1987/04/01/27early.h06.html -
Spanish Speakers and Teachers
New Mexico becomes a state; its constitution bans discrimination against Spanish speakers and requires training of Spanish-proficient teachers.
The first constitution of New Mexcio provided guarantees against against language discrimination and for the training of Spanish-language teachers. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
For more information on this topic:
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=571 -
Meyer v. Nebraska
In Meyer v. Nebraska, U.S. Supreme court strikes down laws that restrict the teaching of foreign languages. The case involved a parochial school teacher whose "crime" had been to read a Bible story in German to a 10 year old child. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
For more information:
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/262/390 -
Coral Way Elementary School
Two-way bilingual education program established for Spanish and English speaking children at Coral Way Elementary in Miami. The experiment was open to both English and Spanish speakers, The objective was fluent bilingualism for both groups. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
For more information:
http://uanews.org/story/how-coral-way-florida-made-history-two-languages -
ASPIRA of New York City
ASPIRA of New York City v. Board of Education of the city of New York. Settlement led to the ASPIRA consent decree which mandated bilingual education K-12 students in New York City. A Historical Background of Bilingual Education: Destination Casa Blanca
For more information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tIppleeIjk -
Equal Educational Opportunities Act
The Equal Education Opportunities Act requires school districts to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs. (Section 1703 f) The EEOA was interpreted by the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals in Castaneda v. Pickard. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
For more information:
http://lawhighereducation.org/52-equal-educational-opportunities-act-eeoa.html -
Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools
Federal appeals court in Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools upholds a "right to bilingual education" for Mexican American children. This lawsuit was by Mexican American parents in New Mexico and led to the first court mandate for bilingual education. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
For more information:
http://lawschool.unm.edu/nmlr/volumes/05/2/06_note_bilingual.pdf -
Lau v. Nichols
Unanimous Supreme Court decision in Lau v. Nichols outlaws sink-or-swim instruction as a "mockery of equal education". The case originated in 1970 when a poverty lawyer, Edward Steinman, learned that a client's child was failing in school because he could not understand the language of instruction. These children, he alleged were being denied education on equal terms. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
http://www.languagepolicy.net/arch -
No Child Left Behind Act
Billingual Education Act is repealed and replaced by No Child Left Behind Act. This act has school accountability system that not only demanded higher standards but accepted no excuses for failure. It also requires that all children, including English language learners reach high standards by demonstrating proficiency in English language. Educating English Learners: Language Diversity in the Classroom
5th Edition, James Crawford
For more information:
http://www.colorincolorado.org/educators/bac
