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In 2008, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke used innovations to allow the Fed to shore up the failed financial system. In March, the Fed launched the Term Auction Facility. It made short-term loans available to cash-strapped banks who wouldn't lend to each other. In October, the Fed made $540 billion in loans to bail out money market funds. In November, the Fed agreed to buy $800 billion in mortgage-backed securities in an attempt to lower interest rates.
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That forced them to come up with $946 billion in capital to offset the losses. As a result, banks hoarded cash. That included the $350 billion they received from the U.S. Treasury as part of the Bank Bailout.
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