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Diabetes first described and named by Aratacus of Cappadocia in Asia Minor in first century
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Ancient Indians noted ants congregating at urine of diabetes.
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Willis, Oxford physician, noted the smell of urine from diabetics.
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John Rollo, Surgeon-General to the Royal Artillery treated a patient by dietary restriction in 1706.
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Bernard discovered liver stored glycogen and secreted sugary substance into blood. Found that pricking brain stem of conscious animal caused temporary diabetes.
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German physician, disproved Bernard's theory and found removing pancreas caused diabetes.
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Frederick Banting discovered insulin in Canada.
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Banting persuaded J.J.R. Macloud, a professor of physiology in Toronto, to let experiment with diabetes and pancreas. Macloud assigned a young medical student, Charles Best, to work with him and later when the going got rough, he put a visiting professor of biochemistry, J.B. Collip, on the problem with positive results.
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On January 11, 1922, a 14-year-old boy became the first human patient to receive insulin made by Banting and Best.
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Purified injections developed by Collip were given starting January 23, 1922. The patient’s blood glucose levels dropped.
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Lilly Connaught was successful in manufacturing insulin, the Toronto team continued to struggle and by mid-July 1922 there was a severe shortage in Toronto.
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Lilly shipped the product and by the end of 1923, insulin was being produced commercially and used to treat diabetes in most western countries.
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Started foundation for the Danish insulin manufacturing industry and Nordisk Insulin Company. This was a non-profit-making company which together with the Novo Company was responsible for making Denmark the main insulin producing company outside of the US. First insulin was a quick and short regular insulin. It had to be injected twice daily. These insulins were crude and impure and early patients had to have injections of 5 to18 ml.
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Insulin was crystallized in 1926 by J.J. Abel
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1936, protamine zinc insulin was introduced.
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The three dimensional structure of the insulin molecule was discovered 1940 in Oxford by Dorothy Hodgin.
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In 1954, the lente insulins were introduced.
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The scientific investigation of diabetes was improved by the technique of immunoassay by Solomon Berson and Rosalind Yalow in 1957.