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John Rollo treats diabetes patient
John Rollo successfully treated a diabetes patient with dietary restriction. At this point, little else was known about diabetes besides polyuria, or an abnormally large amount of diluted urine output. -
Claude Bernard died
Bernard was a pharmacist who made significant discoveries in physiology and medicine during his lifetime. Bernard discovered that the liver stored glycogen and secreted a sugary substance into the blood. He thought that was the substance that caused diabetes. (During that time in history it was thought that the nervous system controlled secretary organs). This led him to a second discovery, that ny pricking the brain stem in a conscious animal, hecould cause temporary diabetes. -
Von Mering disproves Bernard's liver theory
Von Mering (a German physician) and his partner Minkowski discovered that removing the pancreas causes diabetes. -
1900s
Diagnosis - Test for grape-sugar in urine and examine symptoms
Treatment - Alkaline sponge bath, sugar of lead, creosote or claer opium to limit urine flow, dietary restrictions (no sugary foods; eat tender meats), drink very little
Prognosis - Likely death -
Fredrick Banting discovers insulin
After reading about the connection between the pancreas and diabetes, Banting sought out to find an antidiabetic substance. Banting and his team were able to prepare an extract of insulin from a dog, isolate a dog with diabetes, and treat it with insulin. -
14 year old boy receives first treatment of insulin
A fourteen year old boy became the first human diabetes patient to receive insulin treatment made by Banting and Best (unsuccessful). -
J.B. Collip develops and administers first purified insulin injection
The purified insulin injection caused the patient's glucose levels to drop; researchers began producing more insulin. -
Insulin production
By the end of 1923, insulin was being commercially produced and distributed to western countries. -
J.J. Abel crystallizes insulin
Abel later received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. -
Protamine zinc insulin was introduced
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1950s
Diagnosis - check eyes/renal arteries, compare pulses of arteries, test for glucose in urine
Treatment - Diet: 80g protein, 80g fat, 160g carbs, avoid alcohol, insuline injections/test urine
Prognosis - Diabetes likely under control -
Lente insulins were introduced.
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Late 90's
Diagnosis - Blood and urine test for glucose, urinalysis for ketones
Treatment - ICU will provide IV for insulin and fluids, monitor glucose, potassium, and electrolytes, and after you're stable - daily insulin injections, monitor glucose, have restrictive diet. Go to opthalmologist to monitor eyes
Prognosis - Under control -
Scientific Investigation Improves
Solomon Berson and Rosalind Yalow improved the scentific investigation of diabetes with an immunoassay. This allows for minute concentrations of insulin to be consistently measured.
