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Congress of Racial Equality Founded (CORE)
-Civil Rights: goal to protect individual freedom from the government
-A group of students founded it
-Counseled migrants, and black social workers
-1st action: sit-in at segregated coffee shop -
Dodgers Hire Jackie Robinson
-Color Line: a barrier that separated whites from non-whites
-Jackie Robinson was the first black major league baseball player
-His playing in the MLB lead to other professional sports allowing blacks to play in the leagues
-We has hired by Branch Rickey, the general manager. -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: was the separation of of blacks and whites
-Blacks in the military and army had to be treated equally as whites
-The Order stated there should be equality for all people regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.
-With the policy of the Executive Order, the desegregation became an official policy in the armed forces. -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam: a religious group that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
Malcom X: He was one of the leaders of the change Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Malcom X rejected the goals of the early civil rights movement, rather than seeking integration the Nation of Islam promoted black nationalism
-Malcom X converted to orthodox islam and began to reach out to people of all races, making a broader call for human rights -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall, argued for Brown in the case. NAACP's lawyer.
-Linda Brown wanted to go to a white school to close to her home, case was argued in front of the Warren Court
-Result: Public Schools became de-segregated -
Watts Riot
-Kerner commission: the National Advisory Commision on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the cause of the Watts Riot
-Ghettos: a part of a city where certain people of an ethic group live
-Lasted for six days, 34 people died, and the national guard was sent in to stop the riot
-The long term cause of the riot was police brutally, unfair treatment, and poverty -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (start)
-Boycott and Rosa Parks: Rosa Parks is a 43 year old black woman who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger
- Leaders of the NAACP chose to use the buses as a way to protest, 90% of the people who usually rode public transportation didn't that day
-African Americans in Montgomery made an elaborate transportation system, as the boycott went on for 361 days -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: the nine black students that were the first to go to an integrated high school in Little Rock, Arkansas
-Governor Orval Faubus declared that he would not support desegregation in Little Rock
-The day 8 students were to begin classes, troops appeared at Central High as a show of force and to prevent the students from entering the building. -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
-Jim Crow Laws: A set of unwritten rules that said we didn't have to serve blacks if we didn't want to
-Sit-in: a civil rights protest where protesters sit in a public place and refuse to move, therefore causing the business to lose customers.
-The SNC was the group of students that organized most of the protests with people from their group
-The sit-ins transformed the segregation south and changed the civil rights movement -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience: nonviolent refusal to obey a las that the protester considers to be unjust
-SNCC: ( Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) organized nonviolent protests
-Freedom rides were where blacks and whites rode interstate buses together to test southern states to see if they were following the desegregation on public transportation law
-Some of the buses were bombed and the passengers on the buses were beat by angry white mobs -
Birmingham Campaign
-SCLC: (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) was an organization formed by MLK Jr and other civil rights leaders to use nonviolent resistance to achieve social and political goals.
-King and other leaders in the SCLC met up and decided to do peaceful protests
-There were lots of people that argued to using and participating in these peace -
March on Washington
-NAACP: (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) civil rights for groups of African Americans
-The largest political gathering held more than 250,000 in Washington.
-People were lobbying for jobs and freedom that african americans deserved. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson: Landmark constitutional case of the US court, it upheld state segregation laws in public places based on the doctrine "separate but equal"
-President LBJ passed the act into law, after pushing for it
-The act banned discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or national origin -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: Deprive someone of the right to vote
-The Voting Rights Act was an act of congress outlawing literacy tests and other tactics that had long been used African Americans the right to vote.
-This act called for the federal government to supervise voter registration in areas where less than half of voting-age citizens were registered to vote -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power: the power to shape public policy through the political process
-The Black Panther Party was a group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action
-Black Panthers provided many services for blacks in their community, such as free breakfast programs and medical clinics
-Because Black Panthers carried weapons and were willing to stand up to the police, they were viewed as dangerous radicals by law enforcement agencies -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination: The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things
-The Civil Rights Act was a law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of the housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex.
-Before MLKs death, he had shifted his focus from integration to economic equality.
-Over MLK's death, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, including a fair housing component that banned discrimination in housing sales and rentals -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
-Desegregation: ending the policy of segregation, putting whites and blacks together and not separating them
-Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg was the supreme court ruling that schools were to use buses to integrate their schools.
-Buses were sent to predominately white or black neighborhoods and bused to kids to different schools where they would be with kids of other color. -
Regents of the University of California v. Blakee
Affirmative action: a policy that calls on employers to actively seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce
-The Courts ruling narrowly upheld affirmative action by declaring that race could be used as one of the criteria in admission decisions
-The Court ordered the university to admit Blakee to medical school, however did not end the debate over affirmative action and preferential treatment for women and minorities
