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Mapp vs. Ohio
The case originated in Cleveland, Ohio, when police officers forced their way into Mapp's house without a proper search warrant. They believed that Mapp was hiding a suspected bomber, and they demanded entry. It was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court and strengthened the Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures by making it illegal for evidence obtained by law enforcement without a valid warrant to be used in criminal trials in both federal and state courts. -
Betty Friedan and the Feminine Mystique
It was a book called The Feminine Mystique, it was written by Betty Friedan. It helped to explore the idea of women finding personal fulfillment outside of their traditional roles. It helped by giving voice to millions of women who were frustrated with their limited gender roles. It helped to spark widespread public activism for gender equality. -
Gideon v. Wainwright
When the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states are required to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants charged with a felony. -
Equal Pay Act of 1963
It was signed by President John F. Kennedy, it was aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. By the time it was signed it made it illegal to pay men and women working in the same place different salaries for similar work. -
Griswold vs. Connecticut
Griswold was a director of a planned parenthood league, he was arrested for breaking the Connecticut law, which said that using or giving advice on the use of contraceptives was illegal. The Supreme Court ruled that a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy and said that married people had the right to use contraception. -
Miranda vs. Arizona
This was when the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination. Miranda was not informed of his rights which is what sparked this case. -
Tinker vs. Des Moines
It was a landmark Supreme Court Ruling on Behalf of Student Expression. In the Tinker v. Des Moines the Supreme Court ruled in favor of defined First Amendment rights of students in U.S. public schools. -
Stonewall Riots
It was a series of violent confrontations between police and gay rights activists outside the Stonewall Inn, which was a gay bar in New York City. This marked a raucous turning point in the fight for LGBT rights. -
Furman vs. Georgia
It was a landmark case that questioned whether the imposition of the death penalty constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. The ruling halted all death penalty sentences. -
Equal Rights Amendment
An amendment that would cancel many state and federal laws that discriminate against women. The idea of the amendment would be that sex should not determine the legal rights of men or women. -
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
It is a law to help prevent gender discrimination in the United States educational athletic system. It was created to make sure that each gender is given equal rights to educational programs, activities, and federal financial assistance. -
Roe. Vs. Wade
A 25-year-old single woman challenged the criminal abortion laws in Texas that forbade abortion as unconstitutional except in cases where the mother's life was in danger. The supreme court justices ruled that governments lacked the power to ban abortions, this was protected by the 14th Amendment. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
It ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education that is tailored to their individual needs in the least restrictive environment. IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act from 1975 to 1990. -
Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke
The Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances. -
Bowers vs. Hardwick
The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not protect the right of gay adults to engage in private, consensual sodomy. The Court also ruled that "the right to engage in homosexual sodomy" was not a "fundamental right" protected by the Due Process Clause. -
Hazelwood vs. Kuhlmeier
Three student journalists, including editor Cathy Kuhlmeier, pursued their case in the courts, arguing that the school had violated their First Amendment right of free speech. The Supreme Court ruled that schools may restrict what is published in student newspapers if the papers have not been established as public forums. -
Creation of Professional Women’s Sports Leagues
The decision of whether women can participate in sports or not was up to men who operated the Olympic Games. And by 1996 the American Basketball League and WNBA were created as the first two professional women's leagues. -
Matthew Shepherd Death
Matthew Shepard died after a vicious attack by two anti-gay bigots. McKinney and Henderson gave Shepard a ride home. They then drove to a remote rural area and proceeded to rob, pistol-whip, and torture Shepard. They ended up tying him to a barbed-wire fence and leaving him to die. -
Lawrence vs. Texas
The decision of the Bowers vs. Hardwick case was overturned by the decision of Lawrence v. Texas. It was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that said the Court had ruled that sanctions of criminal punishment for those who commit sodomy are unconstitutional. -
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
It was a law enacted by Congress that strengthened worker protections against pay discrimination. It was signed by President Barack Obama and it required employers to redouble their efforts to ensure that pay practices are non-discriminatory. It also was to make certain that they keep the records needed to prove the fairness of pay decisions. -
Gay Marriage Movement
After the 2015 case of Obergefell v. Hodges, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. This made gay marriage legal throughout the United States. -
Obergefell vs. Hodges
It was a landmark civil rights case that the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.