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Plessy vs. Ferguson
Homer Plessy didn't sit in a Jim Crow car, because he thought it broke his Constitutional rights. Judge John H. Ferguson and the court decided that Jim Crow cars didn't violate any laws, as long as the white cars and Jim Crow cars were of equal quality. plessy v ferguson -
CORE
The Congress of Racial Equality was founded in 1942 by Homer Jack, James R. Robinson, Joe Guinn, George Houser, and James L. Farmer, Jr. They staged peaceful sit-ins, inspired by Ghandi's nonviolent civil disobedience. Along with protests, the organizations educated people on discrimination. core -
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson joined Major League Baseball on April 15th, 1947, as the first African American baseball player. He made records with amount of bases stolen and won the National League's Most Valuable Player Award in 1949. He led the way for African American athletes. jr -
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sweatt vs painter
a case that challenged the "seperate but equal" precedent set by the plessy vs ferguson rulling. sweatt applied to a school in texas and was denied entry based on his race, when he took it to court they decided that the facilities were not seperate but equal and so they ruled in sweatts favor. <a href='http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/documents_us/Sweatt_v_Painter.htm' >svp</a> -
Brown Vs. Board Of Education
A series of five court cases that dealt with the issue of segregation in schools. On May 17th, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that since many "separate but equal" facilities were not equal, and thus were unconsitiutional. This allowed people of color to get a quality education at any school. bvboe -
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Motgomery Bus Boycott
Started by Rosa Parks's arrest for not giving her seat to a white passenger, Martin Luther King Jr. and his Montgomery Improvement Association led a 13-month boycott of segregated public transportation. This led to the public transportation system losing lots of business and money. On June 5th of 1956, the Supreme Court ruled to integrate public transportation in the case Browder vs. Gayle. <a href='http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_montgomery_bus_boycott_1955_1 -
"The Southern Manifesto"
As a reaction to the ruling in the Brown vs. Board of Education cases, 11 Southern States tried to make laws to keep public facilities like libraries and movie theaters segregated. sm -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Started as early as the Motgomery Bus Boycotts, 60 people from 10 states gathered to discuss the existence of their organization as a nonviolent group pushing for integration. The movement was accepting of people of all races, genders, religions, etc. sclc -
Little Rock- Central High School
African American students enrolled at Central High School, whioh was predominanetly white, and faced opposition from people who wanted schools to be segregated. Arkansas governor Faubus sent The National Guard had to be called to escort them in, President Eisenhower sent federal troops. This was due to Brown vs. Board of Education making it so all schools would be segregated. lr9 -
Period: to 1960 BCE
Greensboro Sit-In
Four students from North Carolina A&T University in Greensboro, North Carolina sat at a whites-only lunch counter in the F.W. Woolworth Store until closing. By the end, over 1,200 students had been involved in the protests. This led to the F.W. Woolworth Store being desegregated. http://www.sitinmovement.org/history/greensboro-chronology.asp -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Created two months after the Greensboro sit-ins began, SNCC was formed to organize and publicize the sit-ins. https://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/ -
Greensboro Sit-In
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Freedom Rides
A group of interracial activists led by CORE's James Farmer went from Washington, D.C. to Alabama, using whites-only facilities and otherwise testing southern Jim Crow laws. This protest and the ones after led to the Freedom Riders facing assaults, arrests, and firebombings. http://www.blackpast.org/aah/freedom-rides-1961 -
James Meredith
James Meredith applied to the University of Mississippi and was denied because of his race. The Brown v Board of Education ruling desegregated all schools, so Meredith sued and won the right to go to Ole Miss. 538 deputies and border patrol agents were needed to escort Meredith in. http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/miss/02.htm -
Letter From Birmingham Jail
MLK wrote the Letter From Birmingham Jail after being arrested in Birmingham on April 16th, 1963. The purpose was to explain to clergymen why the SCLC was protesting. They were fighting against injustice. http://www.gradesaver.com/letter-from-birmingham-jail/study-guide/summary -
Medgar Evers
Medgar Evers was a member of the NAACP in Mississippi. He set up voter-registration and boycotts. He was known for trying to get into the University of Mississippi Law School and demanding a new Emmett Till investigation. He was shot in the back and killed on June 12th, 1963 for his advocacy of civil rights advancement. -
March On Washington
200,000 rallied at Washington for racial equality, specifically in the workforce. The march was immortalized by MLK giving his "I Have A Dream" speech. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington -
Bombing of Birmingham Church
A bomb was dropped on the 16th Street Baptist Church on September 15th, 1963, killing 4 young girls and blinding another. After hearing of the attack, MLK told George Wallace, governor of Alabama at the time, "The blood of our little children is on your hands." http://www.nps.gov/subjects/civilrights/16th-street-baptist-church.htm -
24th Amendment
The 24th Amendment outlawed poll tax, allowing many people in the south who did not have the money to vote, to be able to vote for the first time. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/modern/jb_modern_polltax_1.html -
Mississippi Freedom Summer
Hundreds of students from the north, led by CORE and the SNCC, went to work, vote and learn about politics in Mississippi. The Mississippi Summer Project as the participants called it led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=N:4294963828-4294963805&dsRecordDetails=R:CS3707 -
Civil Rights Act
From 1945-1957, every civil rights bill was turned down. After JFK's death, Lyndon B. Johnson made passing a civil rights bill outlawing discrimination in schools and other public facilities a priority. http://www.nps.gov/subjects/civilrights/1964-civil-rights-act.htm -
Malcolm X Assassination
Malcolm X, which he named himself as a symbol of his stolen identity, was a prominent and somewhat radical civil rights advocated who didn't believe that nonviolence was the only respectable protest method. After leaving Nation of Islam to create the Organization of Afro-American Unity, a Nation of Islam member shot him on February 1st, 1965. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/malcolm-x-assassinated -
Selma to Montgomery March
MLK, the SNCC and SCLC led thousands of people on a 5 day march to Montgomery after Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot by a state trooper there. After the crowd of protesters was beaten by police, the American public became outraged, and the even was called "Bloody Sunday." http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_selma_to_montgomery_march/ -
Voting Rights Act Approved
Lyndon B. Johnson, spurred on by the pressure of members of the American public who were enraged by the violence on Bloody Sunday, wrote the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This act outlawed discrimination against people of color when it came to voting. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=100 -
Black Panthers
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panthers in Oakland to fight for revolutionary socialism. The Black Panthers were seen as radicals due to their militant protesting and murders in the name of advancing true equality economically, socially, and politically. https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/ -
MLK Assassination
After being most prominent civil rights leader since the 50's, MLK was assassinated on April 4th, 1968 by a sniper at the Lorraine Motel. Americans across the country were outraged and stricken by grief. President Lyndon B. Johnson tpld citizens to "reject blind violence." He later passed the Fair Housing Act as a result. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr-assassination
