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Brown V. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall, argued for Brown in the case, NAACP's lawyer,
-Linda brown wanted to go to a white school that was close to her home, case was argued in front of the Warren Court
-Public schools became de-segregated -
Dodgers play Jackie Robinson
-Color line: a barrier made to separate whites from nonwhites
-Robinson led his team to 6 league championships and 1 world series victory
-1950's the color line in professional sports started disappearing -
Executive Order 9981
-segregation- someone or something being set apart from other people or things
-Many African Americans refused to fight in a segregated army
-Truman signed the Executive order which said desegregation became a policy in armed forces. -
Congress of Racial Equality Founded (CORE)
-Civil Rights: goal to protect individual rights from the government
-A group of students founded it
-counseled migrants, and black social workers
-1st action-sit-in at segregated coffee shop -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
-SCLC- African American civil rights organization
-lunch-counter sit-ins and street demonstrations started.
-30 protesters were arrested for the marching at Birmingham City Hall without a permit -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy V. Ferguson- constitutional law case of the US supreme court
-After Kennedy's assassination President LBJ continued to push the law.
-The bill was finally passed and was signed into law on July 2, 1964 -
First Lunch Counter Sit-In
-Jim Crow Laws & Sit-In- 4 people went to Woolworths and were not served they kept coming back with more people and eventually boycotted.
-Across the South protestors held Sit-ins to integrate lunch counters these sit-ins remained non violent.
-In April they started to boycott any place that was segregated and eventually business men gave in. -
Freedom Rides
-Civil disobedience & SNCC-leaders of the Sit-in protest movement
-Passengers on the 2 buses had to flee the bus because people through firebomb and were beaten.
-James Farmer proclaimed victory for the freedom rides when the interstate was finally integrated in late 1962 -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine-Group of 9 African American students enrolled in Little Rock Nine Central High School in 1957
-Arkansas governor Orval Faubus said he wouldn't support desegregation in Little Rock Nine so he sent troops to block the students from getting into the school.
-A white woman emerged from the crowd and helped shield Eckford from harm -
March on Washington
-NAACP-(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) civil rights organization
-Phillip Randolph proposed to do a march in 1941 his goal was to protest unequal treatment to African Americans.
-Largest political gathering ever the United States -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott & Rosa Parks-withdraw commercial or social relations as a punishment or protest.
-Rosa Parks was arrested because she wouldn't give up her seat to a white person, so people started boycotting the buses
-Leaders of Montgomery NAACP were looking for a test case to fight against segregation -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise- deprive someone the right to vote
-civil rights protesters held daily marches at the Dallas County Courthouse
-in 4 years African American voters increased from 1 million to 3.1 million -
Black Panther Party founded
-Black Power-Political slogan, achieving self-determination
-free breakfast programs for children and medical clinics
-Bobby Seale and Huey Newton founded the black panther to send a message saying We need to defend ourselves to make a change or nothing will happen. -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam, Malcom X-promote complete separation from whites by establishing business, schools, and communities
-Malcom became one of the most effective preachers for Nation of Islam
-3 members of the Nation of Islam assassinated him while he was speaking in New York City -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative Action- policy that employers seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce -race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, for school admissions -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-discrimination-unjust treatment to people or things
-this law included fair housing deals to all people
-before king died he worked on integration to economic equality -
Swann V. Charlotte - Mecklenberg Board of Education
-desegregation-the ending of racial
-a federal judge ordered that they integrate the district schools
-civil rights act of 1964 gave federal government new powers to promote school desegregation -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission & ghettos- white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot
-almost 70% of African americas lived in large cities by 1960s
-the cause of the riot was a charge of police brutality
