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Civil's Rights Movement
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Double Victory Campaign
This campaign championed military success against fascism overseas and demanded equality for African Americans in the U.S. This was started by an African American newspaper in Pittsburg. The Double Victory Campaign stands for "Victory Abroad and Victory at home" -
Brown vs. Board of Education
This Supreme Court case, which occurred at Topeka, was monumental in establishing that racial segregation was unconstitutional. Racial segregation violated the 14th amendment. Also, separate educational facilities for white and African American students were inherently unequal, and that needed to end. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
This was a Civil Rights protest in which African Americans presiding within Montgomery, Alabama refused to ride the city buses. Eventually, the Supreme Court declared racial segregation on public buses unconstitutional. This event helped eliminate early barriers to transportation access -
Little Rock Nine
A group of 9 black students enrolled at a formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. These students challenged racial segregation in the public school system. During this time, multiple obscenities were shouted and multiple objects were thrown at these 9 students -
Birmingham Campaign
More than 1000 African American students attempted to march into downtown Birmingham, and hundreds were arrested. This was started by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. -
March on Washington
Massive protest in which over 250,000 people showed up to protest for equal jobs and freedoms. The purpose of this march was to demand the civil and economic rights of African Americans. This protest highlighted the economic inequalities and pressed for a new federal jobs program and higher minimum wages. -
Freedom Summer
Known as the Mississippi Summer Project, this was a volunteer campaign within the US in an attempt to register as many African American voters as possible. This was practically a voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered African American voters in Mississippi -
Civil Rights Act
This Act was intended to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in the United States. This gave Federal Law agencies the power to prevent racial discrimination in employment, voting, and the use of public facilities -
Selma March and Voting Rights Act
Peaceful protests marched for voting rights in Selma, Alabama, but they were brutally attacked by state troopers. This event was soon known as "Bloody Sunday" and galvanized public opinion behind voting reforms -
Watts Riot
Riots took place in the Watts neighborhood and its surrounding areas of Los Angeles. This was caused by the arrest of an African American, Marquette Frye, by a white California Highway Patrol officer on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. -
Black Power Movement and the Black Panther Party
This occurred in the wake of the assassination of Malcolm X, so Merritt Junior College students Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party. This resulted in the worldwide spread of black power ideals. This was also a social movement motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency not readily available inside African American neighborhoods. -
Assassination of MLK & Subsequent Riots
The Trenton riots were major riots that took place during the week of MLK's assassination. Many experts believe this was the greatest wave of social unrest the US had experienced since the Civil War. These riots were also larger evidence of frustration among the city's African American population