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White Primary
White Primary was used in GA to keep blacks from voting after the Civil War. They were banned from voting in all primary elections. Since GA was a one party state, primary elections were pretty much general elections, which left blacks with no voting rights at all. In 1946, the King V. Chapman case went to Supreme Court. Supreme Court said that White Primary was unconstitutional and was to be abolished. In 1946, blacks finally got to vote in a primary election. -
White Primary
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Civil Rights Movement
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Integration of the Armed Forces
Prior to the Integration of the Military, it was very segregated. African-American leaders brought this to President Truman's attention. They stated that if a law was not passed that made treatment of blacks in the military equal, young African-Americans would resist the draft law. President Truman signed the bill that said the military would be an wual and fair place for all people, no matter what race they were. -
Integration of the Armed Forces
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Brown VS. Board of Education
In 1954, a small black girl had to walk 3 miles to get to her black elementary school, when a white elementary school was just 7 blocks away. Her father, Oliver Brown, argued this case and it went to Supreme Court. After much argument, the Supreme Court ruled that the "separate but equal" policy had no place in the school system. They required that the segregation of school be done away with, and blacks had the freedom to go to any school they pleased. -
Brown VS. Board of Education
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
In 1955, Rosa Park's sat in the first row of the "Colored Section" on the bus after a long day of work. One the bus was full, the bus driver demanded her to go to the back of the bus so some white passenger could sit down. She refused to do so and was arrested and fined 10 dollars. This one incident sparked a number of big events in correspondence to the Civil Rights movement. From the bus incident on, a revolution was started fighting against segregation laws and the Civil Rights Movement. -
Change to Georgia's State Flag
- The want to change the flag started in 1955. John Sammons, Jefferson Lee Davis, and Willis Harden were the ones who introduced the bill. Most said the new flag was to honor the Civil War and others disagreed and said it was symbolized resistance to integration. The new flag was made, but resistance to it started in the 1960s.
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Change to Georgia's State Flag
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Crisis at Central High School and "Little Rock Nine"
After the Brown vs. Board of Education case, it was ruled unconstitutional for school to be segregated. In Little Rock, Arkansas, 9 black students enrolled in Central High School, a previous all-white school. This enraged many students and they formed a line at the doors of the school so the "Little Rock Nine: could not get in. The lines of soldiers were armed and many other people also gathered around, blocking the black student. Many people were spitting and yelling racial slurs at them. -
Crisis at Central High and Little Rock Nine
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Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in Atlanta Bombed
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple in Atlanta was one of the oldest and wealthiest buildings there was at the time. One morning in 1958, 9 sticks of dynamite ripped through the building, leaving it in shreds. The temples Rabbi was a civil rights activist and a friend of Martin Luther King Jr. A white supremist group targeted this synagogue because it was fighting against segregation. The National States Rights Party (the bombers) was acquitted at trial for the crime. -
Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL Bombed
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Sibley Commission
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Sibley Commission
The state of Georgia was resisting the integration law and the General Assembly actually voted to decide if they should keep funding schools that did integrate. The Sibley Commission was used to look at the problems of school integration and John Sibley was the head of it. They interviewed Georgians to find out what they thought about integration and most said they would rather close the schools than integrate them. The commission decided that each school system could decide on their own. -
Freedom Rides
Freedom Rides were where blacks and whites both boarded a bus and the blacks sat in the front with the whites in the back. When they got to their stop, the blacks would go to white rest places and the whites would go to black rest places. The point of this was to prove to the Supreme Court that they said they had a right to do this, knowing they could encounter some resistance and violence. They were protesting the segregation of "separate but equal". -
Integration of UGA
When the integration of schools law was announced, many people begged the governor to simply close the school instead. Governor Vandiver refused and went ahead with the deintegration process. Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes arrived at the school with a police escort and proceeded on being successful students. Charlayne graduated and became a newspaper and TV reporter, while Hamilton also graduated becoming an orthopedic surgeon. -
Albany Movement
In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled that bus terminals and train stations were illegal to integrate. Workers with the NAACP and SNCC decided to see if GA was really following this law. They went the Albany, GA bus station and sat in the "whites only" part. They were immediately arrested and the Albany Movement started. Blacks would go to the Albany bus station, sit in the whites only, and be arrested. This same process went on for months and many people were in jail or out on bond, including MLK. -
Freedom Rides
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Integration of UGA
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Albany Movement
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Birmingham, Alabama Protests
MLK went into Birmingham to try and help protest the segregation. At first, many adults went marching down the streets carrying signs and protesting the segregation in Alabama. Many blacks were put in jail, including MLK. By having black adults protest, it was putting financial strains on families because they were not working, so children started protesting. They met up, marched, and were also taken to jail. Thousands of children were put in jail. Finally, blacks were being hired. -
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March on Washington, DC
The March on Washington, DC was where MLK gave his "I Have A Dream" speech. The March was organized by many racial and religious groups. 75% to 80% of the people were black and the others were white and other races. The overall theme of the March was "jobs and freedom" and many people gave speeches and rallied together. This March is known for helping pass the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. -
March on Washington, DC
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16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham is Bombed
The bombing at this church killed four small black girls. 16th Street Baptist Church was a highly targeted place because it was a meeting spot for many civil rights activist and also it is where many of the black protesters were trained. Bobby Frank Cherry, Thomas Blanton, Herman Frank Cash, and Robert Chambliss placed a box of dynamite under the church. As they set off the dynamite, a group of children was walking into the basement and four girls died and an additional 22 were injured. -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham Bombed
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John F. Kennedy Assasinated
John F. Kennedy was shot while riding on a motorcycle through the Dealey Plaza in Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald was accused of President Kennedy and also a police officer that was at the scene. When Oswald was being transferred to a county jail, he was shot and killed on live television in the basement of the Dallas Police building. -
John F. Kennedy Assasinated
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Civil Rights Act Passed
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed to end desegregation and also addressed the issue of women’s rights. It deintegrated workplaces, schools, and also public places. John F. Kennedy originally came up with this plan, but he was assassinated before the bill could go into place. Lyndon B. Johnson was the President after Kennedy and he wanted to out the bill into place as soon as possible. On July 2, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson signed the bill and the Civil Rights Act was passed. -
Civil Rights Act Passed
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Voting Right Act of 1965 Passed
In 1965, voting polls were very segregated. They made citizens do things, like literacy tests, in an effort to make them not eligible to vote. Many of these people were African-Americans. The Act required the government to look more closely at the things that were going on in the voting polls. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed this bill into law. This was one step closer to making a less segregated America. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed
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Summerhill Race Riot
There was a black guy that was accused for car theft. Many Afican-Americans were appalled because they thought the acusing was becasue of the color of his skin. They then started a riot through the street to protest the mans accusing. -
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MLK Assansinated
- Martin Luther King Jr. was an extremely well-known civil rights activist from Atlanta. He was standing on the balcony of his hotel room in Memphis, Tennessee and was shot and killed. Six days later, James Earl Ray was arrested for murder. He was a fugitive from Missouri State. Atlanta's reaction to MLK's death was much larger and more dramatic than anywhere else in America. He was from Atlanta and was big part of the desegregation process in GA.
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MLK Assasinated
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All GA Schools Integrated
In 1971, most schools in GA were segregated. Many black kids had to walk enormous lengths to get an African-American school, when a white school was right beside their house. Many African-Americans fought this and sometimes won. When changes to the segregation of schools were supposed to be made, the schools never followed the rules. In 1971, rigorous changes were made where all schools in GA absolutely had to be desegregated. -
All GA Schools Integrated
