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Plessy v. Ferguson
The U.S Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the separate but equal doctrine. -
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
It focused on legal strategies to fight for civil rights issues. They were a prominent role within the civil rights movement. -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
The Court's decision overturned provisions of the Plessy v. Ferguson case, which allowed separate but equal public facilities. The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ended federal tolerance of segregation. -
Thurgood Marshall
He was a U.S. Supreme Court justice and civil rights advocate. He was known for fighting 32 cases for civil rights and one of the being the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka. -
De jure vs. De Facto segregation
De Jure- segregation by law: "separate but equal". Laws that intentionally target a specific race of people.
De Facto- Racial discrimination or segregation that is not intended by law, but by a result of our choices/ behaviors. Ex: predominantly white community. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks is most known for refusing to give up her seta to a white man in Montgomery. Doing that she helped initiate the civil rights movement and helped organize the bus boycott that began the day she was arrested. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Till was brutally murdered for flirting with a white woman when he was only 14 years old. His murderers were found not guilty and later admitted that they did the crime after they knew they could no longer get tried in court for the same crime twice. His murder brought awareness to the racism going on in the 20th century. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama.Rosa Parks refused to yield her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. The boycott of public buses by blacks began the day of her court hearing and lasted 381 days. Montgomery was ordered to integrate its bus system. Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as a prominent leader of the civil rights movement.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott -
Little Rock School Integration
After the Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, 9 black students enrolled at an all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. On the first day of classes at Central High, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called in the state National Guard to bar the black students' entry into the school. It got so bad that federal troops had to escort the black students into school.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration -
The Sit-Ins
Four African American students went up to a whites-only lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. After service was denied the students just sat there waiting patiently to be served, despite threats.
Sit quietly and wait to be served. -
March on Birmingham, Alabama
This march wanted to bring national attention of the efforts that black people made to desegregate public facilities. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Reverends James Bevel and Fred Shuttlesworth. The goal- attack city's segregation system and put pressure on Birmingham's merchants. -
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr./ Gandhi/ Thoreau/Randolph
MLK- One of his biggest accomplishments is the March on Washington, where he presented his "I Had a Dream" speech to about 250,000 people fighting for freedom.
Gandhi/Thoreau/Randolph- Gandhi was a huge inspiration to MLK's beliefs in peaceful protests. Thoreau's willingness to fight for what he believes peacefully was inspiring. Randolph created the first black labor union. He made sure his voice was known - to the point that President FDR banned discrimination in the defense industries. -
March on Washington
A march on Washington where more than 200,000 Americans stood up for freedom. This was organized by civil rights and religious groups and was designed to shed light on the political and social challenges that African Americans had to face. This is where Martin Luther King Jr. presented "I Have a Dream" speech for racial equality.
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington -
24th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxxiv -
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was an African American nationalist and religious leader. He was different than MLK because he fought for self-defense and liberation "by any means necessary". He founded the organization of Afro-American Unity which tried to stand up for black identity. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act aimed to overcome legal barriers that prevented black people to vote under the 15th Amendment of the Constitution. -
March from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), made Selma, Alabama their focus point for allowing black people to vote. The protesters achieved their goals. The march raised awareness for the difficulties of black people in the south. -
Black Panther Party
The party's purpose was to watch black neighborhoods and protect them from police brutality. -
Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides tried to test the Supreme Court decision in the Boynton v. Virginia case that segregation of interstate transportation facilities was unconstitutional and unlike before this includedwomen. -
Race Riots
The Detroit Race Riots were one of the most violent revolts in the 20th century. It was a response to police brutality or rumors that police killed a black prostitute that were later confirmed fake. After 82 people were arrested for attending an illegal club, the riot started to break through.
