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the Court upheld the constitutionality of state-sponsored racial segregation, establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine -
a group of African American pilots and airmen who served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II -
when Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers, paving the way for other African-American players to join the league. -
marked a significant step towards racial equality, ending segregation in the military and paving the way for broader civil rights advancements. -
the state-established separate law school for African Americans in Texas was not equal to the University of Texas Law School, violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment -
he Court unanimously ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was unconstitutional -
a year-long protest (December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956) where African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, refused to ride city buses to protest segregated seating. -
Emmett Louis Till was a 14-year-old African American youth, who was abducted and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 after being accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store -
Little Rock citizens voted 19,470 to 7,561 against integration and the schools remained closed. Other than Green, the rest of the Little Rock Nine completed -
act of nonviolent protest against a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina -
the first federal civil rights legislation passed since 1875, focusing on protecting voting rights and establishing mechanisms to address discrimination. -
black and white civil rights activists, embarked on bus trips through the American South to challenge segregation in interstate bus terminals, facing violence and arrests, but ultimately forcing the federal government to enforce desegregation. -
abolishes the poll tax as a requirement for voting in federal elections -
The integration of the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) in 1962, led by James Meredith, was a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement, marked by a riot and federal intervention, ultimately leading to Meredith's enrollment as the first African-American student -
Vivian Malone and James Hood become the first Black students to successfully enroll -
"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist and Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. In the speech, King called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States -
was assassinated while riding in a presidential motorcade in Dallas, Texas -
Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, a landmark piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public places, employment, and voting, marking a significant step towards civil rights and equality in the United States. -
Malcolm X was an African American revolutionary, Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement until his assassination in 1965 -
civil rights activists were brutally attacked by police while attempting to march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to protest voting rights and the death of Jimmie Lee Jackson -
The Voting Rights Act was enacted on August 6, 1965, and it prohibited states from imposing qualifications or practices to deny the right to vote on account of race; permitted direct federal intervention in the electoral process in certain places, based on a “coverage formula”; and required preclearance of new laws -
Martin Luther King Jr., an American civil rights activist, was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, at 6:01 p.m. CST. He was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m at age 39. -
prohibited discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin, and later expanded to include familial status and disability