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The world's first known writing system created in Mesopotamia.
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Cites like Uruk and Ur develop as centers of civilization.
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Advanced cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa flourish with urban planning and trade.
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Sargon of Akkad founds one of the world's first empires.
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The oldest known work of literature written in Sumer.
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Traditionally, Abraham leaves Ur and enters into a covenant with God, central to Judaism.
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Possible Environmental changes or migrations lead to the civilization’s decline.
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King Hammurabi of Babylon establishes one of the first written law codes.
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Indo-Aryans migrate into the Indian subcontinent, introducing the Vedic culture.
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Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt and receives the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai.
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The earliest and most important Veda, foundational to Hinduism, is composed.
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Advances in technology revolutionize tools and weapons.
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King David unites the Israelites, with Jerusalem as the capital.
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The First Temple, central to Jewish worship, is constructed in Jerusalem.
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Philosophical texts explain concepts such as Brahman and Atman, Hinduism keeps developing further.
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Religious reform movements develop along with the evolving Hindu beliefs.
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The Babylonians destroy the First Temple and exile the Jewish elite to Babylon.
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Cyrus the Great conquers Babylon, allows Jews to return to Jerusalem, and rebuild the temple
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The fall of Babylon marks the end of independent Mesopotamian rule.
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Zoroastrianism influences Mesopotamian and Jewish thought, while Vedic traditions in India continue to evolve.