Chapter 22 By 4000987 400 BCE Aristotle explained the geocentric theory 140 BCE Ptolemy supported the geocentric theory 1543 andreas vesalius published on the fabric of the human body - detailing dissection of human bodies 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus reasoned the heliocentric theory 1602 Galileo developed the law of pendulum 1620 Francis Bacon published Novum Organum which encouraged the experimental method 1621 Johannes Kepler published the first two laws of planetary motion 1628 William Harvey showed that the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body 1628 Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan-social contract (people give up rights to a strong ruler who maintains order) 1633 Galileo was put under house arrest by n inquisition for supporting Copernicus's theory 1637 Rene Descartes published discourse on Method which set forth his reasoning 1638 zacharias janssen invented the microscope 1644 Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury barometer 1676 Robert Boyle created Boyle's Law 1687 Isaac newton published his law of gravity 1688 Anton van leeuwenhoek saw red blood cells for the time 1689 John Locke explained his theory of ¨natural rights"(life,liberty,and property) 1694 Mary Astell wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies- addressing the lack of educational opportunities for women 1699 Marie-Thérésé Geoffrin held her first salon of philosophers 1703 Francois marie arouet changed his names to Voltaire and goes on to champion individual freedoms 1714 Gabreil Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass(32 degree= freezing,212 degree = boiling) 1741 The enlightened despot, Joseph II , began his rule of Austria 1744 anders celsius create a scale for mercury thermometer(o degree= freezing, 100 degree= boiling) 1744 Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen 1748 Montesquieu published On the Spirit of Laws- detaling separation of powers in government 1749 Emilie du chatelet (A Mathematician and physicist) translated Newton's work from Latin into french 1751 Denis Diderot published the first volume of the Encyclopedia- a collection of enlightened thinkers works 1760 The Baroque Period began in art,music,and architecture(Bach and Handel were composers) 1762 Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract- free individual create a society and government 1762 The enlightened despot, Catherine the Great, began his rule of Russia 1764 cesare beccaria published on Crime and Punishments- railing against common abuses of justice 1768 Antoine Lavoisier discovered and named gas oxygen 1776 Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence 1786 The enlightened despot, Frederick II , began his rule of Prussia 1789 The U.S. enacted the Constitution- establishing a federal system, separation of powers,checks and balances 1791 The U.S. congress added the Bill of Rights(first 10 amendments) to the constitution 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A vindication of the Rights of Women- promoting women's education as virtuous 1796 Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent small pox 1827 The classical Period began in art,music, and architecture( haydn,Mozart, and Beethoven were composers)
