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Trephining used to control behavior - hole was drilled in skull - release evil spirits
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Trephining used to control behavior
Possession by spirits
Cast out by exorcism -
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) - Greek Physician inaugurated a medical approach to understand maladaptive behavior
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Physical illinois attributed to brain pathology (heredity; injury to head)
Inaugurated the medical approach -
During the Dark/Middle Ages (500-1500), the medical or physical approach to mental illness was lost in Western societies.
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Corporal possession by evil spirits caused madness. The spirits of individuals were possessed by Satan. Called witches and had supernatural powers.
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Latter part of Middle Ages to the beginning of Renaissance - Johann Wever (The Deception of Demons) - witches were mentally sick; Reginald Scott (The Discourerie of Witchcraft) - spirits cause mental disorder - radical ideas of both prevailed as time passed - existence of "mind" as distinct from "soul". Attention was away from Notion of Spirits.
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1547 - St Mary of Bethlehem was established by Henry VIII inLondon - Individuals with emotional/behavioral challenges segregated in asylums. Patients shackled or chained to walls; crowded cells.
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1700-1800’s - Treatment in mental institutions.
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826), a French physician, treatment approach - Moral Treatment.
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813), Father of American Psychiatry - focus - Importance of Education -
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) - French Physician and Director of Bicetre Hospital - Study of Emotional Disturbance returned; unchaining of the mental patients and more human forms of treatment
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Jean Itard (1775-1838) The Wild Boy of Averyron - classic book - established teaching as an important component of treatment
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Varied terminology, lack of consensus on terminology
Late 1900's - term emotional disturbance began to be used
Label behavior disordered became popular -
Posession by spirits
Case out by exorcism -
1909 - Juvenile Psychopathic Institute opened.
Dr. William Healy, Agusta Bronner, Grace Fernard and Julie Lathrop - focus on helping children who were engaging in antisocial or criminal behavior. -
Elizabeth E. Farrell (1870-1932) – founded the International Council for the Education of Exceptional Children
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Bruno Bettelheim begins work on the therapeutic milieu - Orthogenic School at the University of Chicago
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International Council for the Education of Exceptional Children was renamed - Council of Exceptional Children (CEC)
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Peral Berkowitz and Esther Rothman write The Disturbed Child - need for a modified psychoanalytic approach.
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Nicholas Hobbs - Project Re-Ed (Re-Education of Emotionally Disturbed Children) - model for addressing the needs of children with emotional disorders in residential schools
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Eli Bower - defines Emotional Disturbance in his book "The Early Identification of Children with Emotional Handicaps - influences federal definition
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1964 - Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders (CCBD was formed as a division of the Council of Exceptional Children (CEC). It was the largest division
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1965 - Nicholas Long, William Morse and Ruth Newman publish "Conflict in the Classroom" - recommendations for identifying and educating children with emotional disabilities.
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Mills vs. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
Friends of Peter Mills advocate for a Free Appropriate Public Education vs expulsion due to behavioral needs -
1975 - Education for All Handicapped Children Act passed (PL 94-142) Mandated services for children with disabilities, including students with emotional disturbance
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Late 20th and early 21st centuries, the federal government becomes a major player in teh movement to provide services for persons with disabilities
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1986 - P.L. 94-142 Amended
Extended its provisions to preschool children
Greater attention to successful outcomes for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders -
1988 - The National Mental Health and Special Education Coalition adopted the term Emotional and Behavior Disorders (EBD)
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EHC was renamed as the Individuals with Disabililties Act in 1990.
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P.L. 101-476 (IDEA)
The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) passed
Specified conditions for removing persons with emotional and behavior disorders from public school for disciplinary reasons without denying them access to alternative educational opportunities
Mandated functional behavioral assessments and behavior intervention -
As a result of the last reauthorization in 2004, IDEA was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act