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- first revolution caused by poor social, economic state of Russia as well as the failure of the Russo-Japanese war
- sparked by Bloody Sunday
- spontaneous, uncoordinated and lacked guidance or objective
- seemed tsarism would be overthrown but tsar was able to survive due to promises of liberal reforms, lack of revolution cohesion, leadership and common goals
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- seemed to give Russians what they wanted a constitutional monarchy
- even though tsar backed out of major promises the manifesto was well received
- those who supported the tsar and manifesto called octoberists
- was a failure as all reforms still had to go through the tsar
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- government between the Feb and Nov revolution
- faced same challenges as Tsar such as WW1 involvement, economic shortages and opposition from Petrograd Soviet and radical Bolshevik revolutionaries
- first prime minister was Lvov but quickly followed by Kerensky
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- tsar signed the abdication after his train was stopped
- abdicated for him and his son
- duma establishes the prov gov
- 304 years of Romanov rule ended
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- Bolshevik government ended Russia involvement in WW1 by the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litosvk
- gave the people what they wanted as Russia had faced many losses during the war
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- Lenin able to convince Germany he wanted to gain power in Russia and remove them from the war
- 32 revolutionaries moved across Europe
- Lenin arrival changes revolutionary dynamic in Russia
- Lenin demanded bolsheviks should gain power instead f usual bolsheviks that were supporting socialism and prov gov
- his 'peace, land and bread' encapsulated the thesis
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- by late June there was growing dissatisfaction with prov government as war casualties continue and unemployment rose
- started by Trotsky's speech attacking the gov causing many to protest on the streets
- around half a million people were involved
- protests not organised meaning gov able to suppress them in a short time
- prov gov found Germany was funding these protests allowing Kerensky to accuse the Soviets of treason
- were a disaster for the Bolsheviks as many fled or arrested
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- was a cabinet of ministers
- new government made of soviets, workers and peasants
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- formed due to Lenin knowing opposition from tsar supported, army officers and political members still occurred
- introduced as temporary organisation but by 1918 had 10 000 members
- more brutal than the Okhrana
- inflicted 'red terror' on enemies of state
- practices included skinning and boiling prisoners
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- return to small scale capitalism moving away from war communism
- grain requestioning ended and instead peasants taxed grain and instead could be sold privately
- farming re incentivised
- private businesses restarted
- created kulaks
- end to rationing
- eased famine (1921 famine caused 5 million deaths)
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- introduced to feed the red army
- harsh taxing of requisitioned grains
- enforced through violence and terror of NKVD '
- disincentivisation of agriculture for peasants
- caused famine of 1921 that killed 5 million people
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- treaty of Riga signed creating peace with Poland
- remaining White resistance were defeated
- Red forces victorious
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- Lenin in poor health due to being a workaholic
- from 1921 he started faltering in speech and started having symptoms of strokes
- stroke in 1923 left him paralysed on his right side
- stroke in morning of 1924 caused him to die that night
- death mourned by many as Lenin symbolised hope of equal and free society
- his funeral was large and elaborate
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- part of 1st 5 year plan
- integrated smaller farms and labour in collectively controlled state farms
- caused holodomor
- implemented to optimise production as well as free up labour for industrial city work
- 91% of agriculture collectivised by 1930
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- 53 engineers from Shakty area were accused of conspiring with former mine owners to sabotage the soviet economy
- occurred while 5 year plan struggling and scape goats were needed
- 5 were shot and 44 sent to labour camps
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- by 1928 stalin officially new leader
- 1929 Stalin 50th birthday celebrated nation wide
- became the 'Lenin of today'
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- stalin used kulaks as a scape goals for the enemy of the state
- millions of kulaks arrested, deported and executed
- 'liquidation of kulaks' announced in 1929 in an effort to collectivise the country
- many kulaks revolted causing further executions and destruction of kulak property
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- group of prominent economists and engineers were accused of industrial sabotage, conspiring with France and planning a new economy
- charges were false, accused were alleged to have met with former tsarist minister and industrialist who was already dead
- all sentenced to death
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- 1932-33
- measures to destroy the russian peasantry to prevent seeking ukraine seeking independence
- killed millions
- man made famine
- reports of cannibalism
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- between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin
- agreements for Germany after WW2
- agreed Germany needed to be weakened, war criminals prosecuted, what was left of German industry needed to be destroyed
- when Yalta agreements finally published created anger in Britain and USA
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- consisted of Trumna, Stalin and Churchill
- confirmed plans to disarm and demilitarise Germany, and the division of Germany into the 4 zones
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- speech by Churchill
- summarised that the USA and UK needed to act as guardians for peace and stability against communism
- used the term to refer to a political, military and ideological barrier create by the USSR
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- Truman outlined his reasons for urgent economic aid to Turkey and Greece
- offered US$40 million in protection against Soviet aggression
- America to shoulder wait of communism containment
- warned Soviets that USA would protect the rights of people everywhere
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- aftermath of war brought poverty to Europe causing destruction of cities, loss of financial institutions, short supplies of materials
- injected US$15 billion to assist European governments with reconstruction such as purchasing food
- governments were faced with starvation of communism so had little choice but to accept
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- soviet attempt to stop the USA, UK and France to enter their zones in Berlin
- caused by US economic aid and the 3 zones attempting to make a common currency
- soviets blocked all raid, road and canal access to Berlin
- 2.5 million citizens had no access to food, medicine, fuel or electricity
- western powers airlifted for nearly a year
- biggest airlift relief in history
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- provided collective security against soviets
- mostly a security pact as it considered an attack on a signer and attack on them all
- original members were Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and USA
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- launched by soviet union
- started the space race
- caused hostility in cold war
- caused fear and anxiety in western nations about technological gaps between USA and soviet union
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- response to NATO
- collective defence treaty, if any country gets attacked all attack in response
- members of the soviet states and eastern european countries
- Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania
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- Vietnam wanted to make Vietnam communist
- USA didn't want this due to containment as well domino effect
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- increased outmigration from east to west
- east loosing skilled workers and young intellectuals
- 155km wall
- built around berlin and western sectors
- reduced tensions between USA and USSR
- ideological barrier between communism and capitalism
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- USA invaded cuba due to communist castro taking power
- cuba scared of another invasion looked to USSR for nuclear help
- kennedy approval rate increased in aftermath
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- laid ground work for future
- both sides agreed to work on Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and to halve their arsenals
- work began on Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty to remove short and medium range nuclear missiles from Europe
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- both sides agreed to reduce the number of strategic arms by half with within 5 years
- superpowers were limited to having 1600 missiles and 6000 warheads each
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- Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces
- both sides agreed to reduce warheads to 4900 each
- political discussions on Central America and human rights
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- both sides agreed to eliminate 3000 medium range missiles